34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCourtship 1. Courtship Purpose: To pass along its genes to the next generation, animals must mate at least once. 2. Courtship Behavior: part of an overall reproductive strategy helps animals identify healthy mates. Individuals send out stimuli to attract members of the opposite sex. Stimuli may include: sounds visual displays chemicals

34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCourtship In some species, courtship involves a series of behaviors called rituals. 3. Ritual = series of behaviors that is performed the same way by all members of a population for the purpose of communicating. 4. Most courtship rituals consist of specific signals and individual responses that continue until mating occurs.

34-2 Patterns of BehaviorSocial Behavior 5. Social Behavior = interactions between members of the same species 6. Societies = groups of related animals that interact closely and cooperate. Related individuals share a large proportion of genes. Helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring. Membership in a society offers great survival advantages.

34-2 Patterns of BehaviorSocial Behavior 6. Primates form some of the most complex societies. 7. Macaque, baboon, and other primate societies: hunt together travel in search of new territory interact with neighboring societies. Example: chimpanzee hunt

34-2 Patterns of BehaviorSocial Behavior 8. Animal societies use strength in numbers to: improve their ability to hunt protect their territory fight with rivals guard their young provide protection from predators Bison and other grazers band together in herds when grazing. As a group, they are safer from predators.

34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCompetition and Aggression 9. Competition and Aggression Some animals have behaviors to prevent others from using limited resources. 10. Territorialism = behaviors used to protect a specific area. Keeps others at a distance. Protects resources needed for survival or reproduction Animals often mark territories to signal others to keep out. If a rival enters a territory, the “owner” may attack the rival and drive it away. Example: Marking Territory

34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCompetition and Aggression 11. When two or more animals try to claim limited resources, competition occurs. Many animals use rituals and displays when they compete Animals may show aggression, a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another. Example: Ibex Fight

34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCommunication 13. Communication = the passing of information from one organism to another. When animal behavior involves more than one individual, some form of communication is involved

34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCommunication 14. Communication signals may include: Visual including movements sound touch chemicals Behavior that affects the behavior of another animal or organism Plants use pheromones to attract pollinators Examples: bees and whales

34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCommunication 16. Examples: Bees: Sound, movement, pheromones Whales: Animals with strong vocal abilities communicate with sound. Some animals that use sound have evolved elaborate communication systems.

34-2 Patterns of BehaviorCommunication 17. Chemical Signals Animals with well-developed senses of smell may communicate with chemicals. Some animals release pheromones to mark a territory or to signal their readiness to mate. 18. Pheromones = chemical signals that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species. Examples: Ants: Funny stinky animals:

34-2 Patterns of Behavior Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication 19. Language = a system of communication that combines: sounds, symbols, or gestures according to sets of rules about word order and meaning. 20. Only humans are known to use language. _and_thought.html