KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment. Usually in a beneficial way. Examples? Pufferfish inflates when threatened Plant bends toward light Toad releases poison when grabbed Cat comes when you use a can opener

Behavioral responses to stimuli may be adaptive. Detecting and responding to stimuli is key to an individual’s survival. Internal stimuli tell an animal what is occurring in its own body. hunger thirst pain

External stimuli give an animal information about its surroundings. sound sight changes in day length or temperature

Specialized cells that are sensitive to stimuli detect sensory information. information is transferred to the nervous system nervous system may activate other systems in response Animal behaviors help to maintain homeostasis.

Kinesis and taxis are two types of movement-related behaviors. Kinesis is an increase in random movement. Example: Pill bugs increase activity as they dry out to find moist areas Taxis is movement in a particular direction either toward or away from a stimuli Example: plants growing toward light, deer running away from rustling in the brush

Internal and external stimuli usually interact to trigger specific behaviors. Most behaviors are a response to both internal and external stimuli Combination, not just one stimuli External stimuli may trigger internal stimuli. Green anole reproductive behavior is triggered by internal and external stimuli. External: males become aggressive and court females Internal: females release hormones that make females receptive How could internal and external stimuli cause you to wake up in the morning?

Some behaviors occur in cycles. A circadian rhythm is the daily cycle of activity. occurs over 24-hour period run by a biological clock

Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually. During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant state. What kind of stimuli might trigger hibernation?

Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually. During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant state. During migration, animals move seasonally from one portion of their range to another. What kind of stimuli might trigger migration?

Circadian Rhythms survey

KEY CONCEPT Nature vs. Nurture Debate Both genes and environment affect an animal’s behavior.

Innate behaviors are triggered by specific internal and external stimuli. An instinct is a complex inborn behavior. Instinctive behaviors share several characteristics. innate, or performed correctly the first time relatively inflexible Why would instincts be necessary? Baby Swimming Reflex

Many innate behaviors are triggered by a releaser. releaser is a simple signal herring gulls chicks and red dot releaser environmental factors can affect innate behaviors Ex: Honey Bees

Many behaviors have both innate and learned components. Learning takes many forms. Habituation occurs when an animal learns to ignore a repeated stimulus. Imprinting is a rapid and irreversible learning process. critical period Konrad Lorenz and graylag geese Why might this person be wearing this costume?

In imitation, animals learn by observing the behaviors of others. young male songbirds learn songs by listening to adult males Children learning to talk snow monkeys and potato-washing behavior…younger teaches older

Learning is adaptive. Animals that can learn can better adapt to new situations. In associative learning, a specific action is associated with its consequences. Child with a hot stove Birds with bad-tasting food Conditioning is one type of associative learning.

There are two types of conditioning. Classical conditioning: previously neutral stimulus associated with behavior triggered by different stimulus Ivan Pavlov and salivating dog

There are two types of conditioning. Operant conditioning: behavior increased or decreased by positive or negative reinforcement B.F. Skinner and “Skinner boxes”

KEY CONCEPT Every behavior has costs and benefits.

Even beneficial behaviors have associated costs. The benefits of a behavior are increased survivorship (# of individuals that survive from one year to the next) and reproduction rates. both increase an individual’s fitness; favored by natural selection both have costs

Behavioral costs can be divided into three categories. energy costs: energy not available for other tasks opportunity costs: time spent cannot be used on another task risk costs: need food but risk getting eaten Some behaviors seem harmful but are beneficial

Animals perform behaviors whose benefits outweigh their costs. Behaviors evolve only if they improve fitness. Territoriality refers to the control of a specific area.

Optimal foraging states that natural selection favors behaviors that get animals the most calories for the cost. Ex: Oystercatchers eat mussels…too big and it takes too long and too much energy to open, too small and there’s not enough meat, so the most successful eat the medium mussels

KEY CONCEPT Social behaviors enhance the benefits of living in a group KEY CONCEPT Social behaviors enhance the benefits of living in a group. If you had a choice would you rather live alone or in a group? Why do you think humans live in groups?

Living in groups also has benefits and costs. Social behaviors evolve when the benefits of group living outweigh its costs. benefits: improved foraging, reproductive assistance, reduced predation costs: increased visibility, competition, disease contraction Group living requires learning social structure and membership.

Social behaviors are interactions between members of the same or different species. Animals use communication to keep in contact. Visual: gestures or postures Sound: Calls of alarm, distress, mating, etc. Touch: antennae Chemical: pheromones

Courtship displays are used to evaluate the fitness of a potential mate. Defensive behaviors are used to protect the individual and/or the group.

Some behaviors benefit other group members at a cost to the individual performing them. There are many types of helpful social behavior. cooperation reciprocity altruism

In altruism, an individual reduces its own fitness to help other members of its social group. inclusive fitness: total # of genes contributed by relatives to next generation kin selection: natural selection acts on survival of close relatives

Eusocial behavior is an example of extreme altruism. Eusocial species live in large groups of mostly nonreproductive individuals. haplodiploid species: sex determined by # of chromosomes, social insects (wasps, bees, ants) Minor worker Major worker Queen diploid species: termites, snapping shrimp, naked mole rats Eusocial behaviors likely evolve by kin selection.

KEY CONCEPT Some animals other than humans exhibit behaviors requiring complex cognitive abilities.

Animal intelligence is difficult to define. Cognition is the mental process of knowing through perception or reasoning. awareness ability to judge ability to solve complex problems Other factors affecting an animal’s behavior may seem like cognition. Clever Hans

Some animals can solve problems. Insight is the ability to solve a problem mentally without repeated trial and error. observed in primates, dolphins, and corvids chimpanzee retrieving hanging bananas

Tool use helps an animal accomplish a task. some dolphins use sponges to protect and hunt crows and chimpanzees make probing sticks capuchin monkeys use rocks to crack nuts

Cognitive ability may provide an adaptive advantage for living in social groups. Intelligence in animals seems to be correlated with two characteristics. relatively large brains for their body size live in complex social groups

Cultural behavior spreads through a population by learning, not by selection. taught to one generation by another aided by living in close proximity The smartest animal?