Culture- the total way of life in a society

Material Culture Concrete, tangible objects

Nonmaterial Culture Non physical ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence human behavior

Sociobiology- study of basic human behavior Instinct- genetically inherited patterns of behavior Reflexes- biological, automatic reactions to physical stimuli Drive- biological impulses which reduce discomfort

Ideal culture is what society claims they do and believe in, but real culture is what society actually does

Subculture- part of dominant culture but differs in some aspects

Counterculture- a subculture deliberately opposed to central beliefs of a society

Culture Universals- general culture traits that exist in all cultures –Language, Laws, Beliefs, Cooking… Culture Particulars- traits that make a culture unique or separate it –Chops sticks vs. Utensils

Ethnocentrism- judging others in terms of ones own cultural standards Hidden Curriculum- the informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in school

Society- people who live a defined territory and have a common culture Social Solidarity- ties in a society that bind people to one another –Family, religion, occupations Social Categories- grouping of people who share a common social characteristic –Classes: Upper, middle, lower

Socialization Desocialization- process by which previous socialization is undone –Brainwashing Resocialization- the process learning new attitudes and norms required for new social role –New military recruits, released prisoners Anticipatory Socialization- informal adoption of behavior for a status not yet achieved –Children anticipate parenthood by observing parents

Role- an expected behavior Role Performance- the actual behavior of an individual –“Mother” or “Father” Role conflict- the performance of one role interferes with that of another role –Heart surgeon/father- has to do surgery on sons birthday and miss the party Role Strain- condition in which the role you are performing places too many demands on you –Mother who worries about germs and finds she does not have enough hours in the day to keep her house clean

Obligation- a behavior that individuals are expected to perform –Stand for national anthem “Me”- a persons sense of self –I know who I am “I”- a persons response to the attitude of those around him/her

Norms- rules defining appropriate behavior Values- ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just Folkways or Mores- informal norms characterized by being followed through imitation and mild social pressure but not strictly enforced or put into law.

Taboo- a rule of social behavior in which the violation calls for a strong punishment –Adultery, using drugs, child pornography Laws- norms that is formally defined and enforced by officials

Sanctions- rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms Formal Sanctions- sanctions imposed by persons of authority Informal Sanctions- form of controls, such as, shame, ridicule, sarcasm, which lead to conformity