CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chemical Pathways Chapter 9-1

___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food AUTOTROPHS In the last chapter green plants used ________________ to trap energy from __________ and make ______________ sunlight food (glucose) PHOTOSYNTHESIS

In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ in a process called ___________________ What kind of organisms do this? energy broken down ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION

________ (Including _______) ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! What kind of organisms do this? plantsfungibacteria ______ animals humans

We get the energy the plants stored as glucose by _____________ directly or eating the _________ that ate the plants. How do we get the sugar from the plants? Image from: REMEMBER! _______________ get their energy by eating other organisms. HETEROTROPHS eating plants animals

Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane surrounding mitochondria = ______________________ Power plant of cell that burns glucose and stores the energy as ATP = _______________ mitochondria CYTOPLASM Image from:

MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________ CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria INTERMEMBRANE SPACE DOUBLE MATRIX CRISTAE

All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) use the _____________ to charge up their _______ Image from: energy in food ATP

This process of releasing the to release energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____ = ________________ Image by Riedell Image from: ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! slowly many steps light and heat

PHOTOSYNTHESIS ___________ + _________ + ___________ → _______________ + __________ 6 CO 2 6 H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 _____________ + _________ → ________ + __________ + __________ ______________________________________________________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6 CO 2 6 H 2 O The two equations are exact opposites!

UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of water 1 ◦ Celsius = _______________ Unit for measuring energy in food = _______________ 1 Calorie = _________ calories Calorie calorie

CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes: ______________________ _______________________ GLYCOLYSIS ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN KREBS CYCLE

GLYCOLYSIS Happens in ______________ Breaks down ____________ into ________________ Produces _______ __________ 2 CYTOPLASM outside mitochondria 1 glucose 2 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ ) Glycolysis ____________________________ BUT it needs some ____________to get it started. What molecule do you think is going to supply the energy do this? split apart DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN ATP sweet ENERGY

________ ↓ ___________ → → _____________ ↓ ____________________ + _______________ GLUCOSE2 PYRUVIC ACID PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________ Net gain of ________ and __________ 2 ATP’s 4 ATP’s GLYCOLYSIS 2 ATP’s 2 NADH ATP ATP NADH

PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = ANAEROBIC = AEROBIC

PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN 2 kinds of fermentation ___________________ & _____________________ ANAEROBIC Alcoholic Lactic acid WITHOUT

_______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise CO 2 bubbles make _____________ in bread Alcohol _______________ during cooking CO 2 NAD + air spaces evaporates

_______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL Happens when ___________ make _______ or ____________ make ______ CO 2 NAD + yeast beer bacteriawine

_______ + _____ → ______________ + ________ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID Happens in _____________ during ____________when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness NAD + exercise muscles

_______ + _____ → ______________ + ________ LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID Happens when bacteria are used to make __________and ____________ like: Yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, pickles, cheese sour cream, & kimchi NAD food beverages

WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full. Eventually glycolysis will WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? builds up NAD +

_______ + _____ → __________ + ______ + _____ FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL → CO 2 NAD + REGENERATE the NAD + LACTIC ACID NAD + → You get the NAD + carriers back ______

KREBS CYCLE & ELECTRON TRANSPORT Chapter

REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next. OXYGEN

Flowchart Section 9-2 Glucose (C 6 H ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Cellular Respiration We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present.

Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing _______________ follows glycolysis if oxygen is present KREBS CYCLE

happens in ________________ Breaks down _________________ Produces: ____ ____ MATRIX inside mitochondria 2 pyruvic acid

WHERE DOES IT GO? 6 carbons in original glucose are lost as ________________ to atmosphere → Carbon dioxide

WHERE DO THESE GO? ATP can be used directly to supply __________ for the cell. High energy electron carriers move into the ____________________ energy ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Flowchart Section 9-2 Glucose (C 6 H ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Cellular Respiration We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT Enzymes found in _____________ Uses high energy electrons and H + ions donated by _______ and _______ Makes ___________ ________ acts a final electron acceptor to produce ________ cristae inner membrane of mitochondria NADH FADH 2 OXYGEN H 2 O 32 (net) ATP

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 INTERMEMBRANE SPACE MATRIX CRISTAE

NADH → _____ FADH 2 → ____ 3 ATP’s 2 ATP’s

Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion WHATS THE BIG PICTURE?

Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing

CELLULAR RESPIRATION (aerobic/ with oxygen): 1 glucose → _______________ FERMENTATION (anaerobic/ without oxygen): 1 glucose → ________________ 36 ATP 2 ATP

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Images from: Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs Remember !

EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Cells normally contain _________ amounts of ATP produced by _______________ & __________________________ (only enough for a few seconds of activity) Once this ATP is used up_____________ fermentation can provide enough ATP to last about ___________________. SMALL GLYCOLYSIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION LACTIC ACID 90 seconds

EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Once race is over, _______________ must be broken down using oxygen. A quick sprint builds up an ________________ that must be repaid by ______________________ oxygen debt heavy breathing Image from: Lactic acid

EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) For exercise longer than 90 seconds _____________________ is the only way to make enough ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy _____________ than fermentation. Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race. more slowly Cellular respiration

Animal cells store GLUCOSE as _____________ to use later. Image from: GLYCOGEN What happens in a long race when the body’s glucose all is used up?

EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) ________________ store glucose as ________________ which can be broken down into glucose to supply energy for_______________ of activity. MUSCLES minutes glycogen

EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to break down ________ That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than 20 minutes if you want to lose weight! FAT Image from:

ALL CELLS NEED ENERGY All __________________ (including plant and animal cells) have _______________ for cellular respiration All __________________ (bacteria) have their electron transport enzymes attached to their _____________________ Remember: No membrane bound organelles! mitochondria Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membranes