Types of Genetic Disciplines Robert F. Waters, PhD Cytogenetics Mendelian genetics Molecular genetics Population genetics Immunogenetics Oncogenetics Evolutionary genetics Medical genetics and genetic counseling

Genetics Review History Medieval Concepts Vapors Disease Paternal Society

Genetics Review Continued Mendel Homunculus Ovists Darwin (Pangenesis) Lamarck and Lysenko Johannsen “gene” (1909) Johannsen + genotype + phenotype Bateson “genetics” (1905) Bateson T.H. Morgan genes -chromosomes Others

Watson Crick Wilkins Franklin Nobel Prize Physiology 1962 James Watson Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin Linus Pauling Molecular shapes

Genes Genotype + Environment = Phenotype One gene one phenotype One gene one enzyme One gene one polypeptide So what is a gene?

Genes Continued: Dominant Recessive Complete dominance Incomplete dominance Additive (Quantitative Genes)

Inheritance Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny Inheritance of acquired characteristics Weisman experiment Mendel’s Laws Law of Independent Assortment Law of Segregation

Chromosomes Mitosis Meiosis Crossing-Over Numbers of chromosomes (Human 46) Genome Ploidy Aneuploidy Monosomy (2n-1) Trisomy (2n+1) Polyploidy Wheat (hexaploid 42 chromosomes) T. aestivum (6n) Allopolyploidy (genomes different) vs. autopolyploidy Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Chromosomes Continued: Nucleus Nucleolus Sex Chromosomes Autosomal Chromosomes Chromatin vs. Chromosomes Chromosome region Chromosome band Short arm Long arm Centromere Telomere p = short arm q = long arm (9q34-Ch 9, long arm, reg 3, band 4) One of the genes for ABO blood types

Chromosomes Continued: Homologous chromosomes Paternal and maternal Zygote Homozygote Heterozygote Allele Gametes Pedigree

Mitosis P/M/A/T G1/S/G0 phases Metaphase plate Somatic cells MTOC & Centriole Spindle Fibers Chromatids Tetrads

Meiosis Germ cells Meiosis I and Meiosis II Gametogenesis Oogenesis (Plants:Megasporogenesis) Spermatogenesis (Plants:Microsporogenesis) Crossing Over – Recombination Chiasmata (Chiasma) Synaptonemal Complex

Mendelian Genetics Generations Parental Filial Punnett’s Squares Gametes Genotypic frequency Phenotypic frequency Monohybrid Dihybrid Trihybrid Linkage Karyotype

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes Genome differences Nucleus or not Number of genes Transcriptional differences Translational differences hRNA and mRNA Poly A tails on mRNA (eukaryotes)

DNA and RNA DNA Structure Base pairing Replication Meselson and Stahl proof of semi-conservative replication Transcription Translation Repair RNA Structure hRNA mRNA codon tRNA Anti-codon rRNA Mitochondrial DNA and RNA (mt)

Expressivity of Genes Penetrance Expressivity Mutations Somatic Germ Morphological mutations (you can see) Albinism Caused by: Toxins, radiation –Clastogens (ionizing radiation that causes mutations) –Mutagens (substances that cause mutations) DNA missense codons (base substitution) Sickle cell anemia

Viruses and Bacteria Retroviruses Reverse transcription Bacterial plasmids Genetic engineering ecoRI Bacterial Endonuclease RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR

Oncogenetics Carcinogen Cancer causing substance Oncogenic viruses Oncorepressor genes Breast cancer

Population Genetics Evolution Genetic drift Genetic load Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Inbreeding Genetic polymorphisms Genetic diversity Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Natural selection

Discussion Topics Genetic engineering Turning off or on genes Diabetes Vectors and hosts Plants producing animal proteins Herbicide resistant varieties Cloning