Kingdom Protista 2011 VERSION

A. General Characteristics 1. Cell Type = EUKARYOTIC (most have a cell wall) 2. Cell Number = Most are UNICELLULAR, a few are MULTICELLULAR (but lack tissues)

3.Mode of Nutrition = Some are HETEROTROPHIC (Protozoa) Some are AUTOTROPHIC ( Algae )= * photosynthesize * all contain chlorophyll but might not be green

4. Respiration = AEROBIC 5. Reproduction = * Asexual * Conjugation * Sexual

6. Size = * Most are microscopic *Multicellular algae = macroscopic.

7.Habitat = * Aquatic environments (freshwater and marine) *Very moist terrestrial areas *Some are parasites

B. Autotrophic Protists = ALGAE All contain the green pigment CHLOROPHYLL that is used during the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1. CHLOROPHYTA ( The green algae, but some are NOT green!) Largest and most diverse group Largest and most diverse group Can be a unicellular and solitary. Can be a unicellular and solitary. Example = Chlamydomomas

b. Some are unicellular and live in groups called colonies. Example = Volvox Example = Volvox

c. Some are unicellular and form thread-like colonies called filaments. Example = Spirogyra

d. Some are multicellular. Example = Sea Lettuce

2. PHAEOPHYTA The Brown Algae a. Found in cool, shallow marine waters b. Commonly called seaweeds c. Brownish-green in color due to fucoxanthin pigment

KELP Largest Algae Can grow as long as 30 meters Ecologically importance = provides a habitat for many organisms

Kelp Mowing Boat

PHAEOPHYTA A man holding a piece of giant kelp A man holding a piece of giant kelp Blades can be seen on the right Blades can be seen on the right

d. Other examples = Rock Weed and andSargassum

3. RHODOPHYTA (The RED algae) a. Marine environments from the surface to depths of 170 meters b. Can grow in deep waters with low amounts of sunlight due to red pigment. c. Examples = Dulse, Agardhiella, Porphyra Porphyra

3. RHODOPHYTA Dulse A red algae A red algae Excellent source of B 6, B 12, Iron, and flouride Excellent source of B 6, B 12, Iron, and flouride

4. EUGLENOPHYTA Example = EUGLENA a. Dominant pigment = chlorophyll b. Have a red eyespot that enables euglena to detect light. *Use photosynthesis to make food when light is present when light is present *Are heterotrophic and absorb food if no light is present no light is present

c. Have a single flagellum to move through the water d. Have contractile vacuoles organelles that squeeze excess water out of the organism that has entered by osmosis (maintain osmotic balance = homeostasis)

4. EUGLENOPHYTA

DO NOT WRITE! PYRROPHYTA or DINOFLAGELLATA * The fire algae (Ex. = Peridinium) a. Known as the Dinoflagellates due to the presence of flagella and a covering of thick plates. b. Some are capable of Bioluminescence = the ability to chemically produce a glowing light (usually green or blue) glowing light (usually green or blue)

DO NOT WRITE! CHRYSOPHYTA * The Golden/Brown Algae Examples = Diatoms (group common name) a. Most common algae found in freshwater and marine environments. b. Cell walls contain silica

Diatoms

Start Writing Again! C. PHYLA OF PROTOZOANS * Called the animal-like protists because the cannot photosynthesize and most are motile.

1. CILIOPHORA Featured creature = Paramecium a. Unicellular b. covered with short, hair-like structures called cilia = to move. c. Cilia also line the oral groove to help them eat. d. Food is then stored in a food vacuole.

e. Have two nuclei: * a macronucleus = controls daily activities daily activities * a micronucleus = used during reproduction reproduction

PARAMECIUM * Covered with cilia * Stained to show two nuclei Macronucleus Micronucleus

2. SARCODINA or RHIZOPODA Example = Amoeba a. Unicellular, no definite shape; “shape shifters”

b. Projections caused by the cytoplasm pushing on the cell membrane = Pseudopods Use for: * Movement * Feeding = surround and engulfs * Feeding = surround and engulfs food in a process known as food in a process known as Phagocytosis. Phagocytosis.

Amoeboid Phagocytosis Pseudopod Food

Amoeba *see diagram for structures

Amoeba feeding videofeeding

D. IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS 1. POSITIVES a. Algae produce approx. 70 – 90% of the earth’s 70 – 90% of the earth’s oxygen. oxygen.

MORE POSITIVES b. Many are edible ( examples = Kelp, Dulse, Nori, Wakame, Spirulina). ( examples = Kelp, Dulse, Nori, Wakame, Spirulina). Excellent source of a of iron, iodine, calcium, B12, amino acids…………

c. Brown algae = Source of Algin, Alginate and Source of Algin, Alginate and Alginic acid = Alginic acid = extracted from the algae and used as an emulsifier in products such as ice cream, milk, baked goods, cosmetics, dressings, yogurt, cat food …..

d. Red Algae = Source of Carrageenan and agar = extracted and used as a thickener in jellies, icing, pastries, dairy products, lotions, paints, hair products, cosmetics. Agar is also used as a medium to grow bacteria and fungi Agar is also used as a medium to grow bacteria and fungi

e. Diatomaceous Earth (diatomite) = microscopic shells of dead diatoms can be mined and used in filters to trap fine particles and as a fine abrasive in cleaners such as toothpaste and metal polishes. Also found in insecticides and insulation. microscopic shells of dead diatoms can be mined and used in filters to trap fine particles and as a fine abrasive in cleaners such as toothpaste and metal polishes. Also found in insecticides and insulation.

f. Autotrophic protists are at the base (producers) of all aquatic food chains *Referred to as Phytoplankton. *Referred to as Phytoplankton.

E. Negatives Sometimes protists are harmful! Sometimes protists are harmful!

a. Some are pathogens Pathogen: Disease: Plasmodium = Malaria (mosquito vector) Plasmodium = Malaria (mosquito vector) Trypanosome =African Falling Sickness (tsetse fly vector) (tsetse fly vector) Toxoplasma = Toxoplasmosis Giardia = Giardiasis An amoeba (Entamoeba histolytica) = Amebic Dysentery An amoeba (Naegleria fowleri) = Brain-eating Amoeba

b. Some secrete toxins that contaminate the water and can kill fish and mammals. = RED TIDE * If contaminated shellfish (mussels, clams, oysters, scallops) are consumed, a human can suffer from: Amnesia, Diarrhea, or Paralysis

When large numbers of the dinoflagellates (algal bloom) secrete a neurotoxin, it is known as a Red Tide. The toxin can accumulate in filter feeders, such as shellfish (= mussels, clams, oyster), and poison people who eat them.

c. Extreme population explosions = Algal Blooms can pollute water. The algae grow in large numbers which: * Blocks sun to other autotrophs. * Results in a population explosion of Bacteria in the water when the algae Bacteria in the water when the algae dies. Bacteria then deplete the dies. Bacteria then deplete the Oxygen supply in the water. Other Oxygen supply in the water. Other aerobic organisms then die. aerobic organisms then die.

ALGAL BLOOM

Trypanosomes in a blood smear * trypanosomes stained purple

4. SPOROZOA or APICOMPLEXA Example: Plasmodium a. All are parasitic b. Non-motile c. Reproduce by creating spores d. Plasmodium causes Malaria *Vector = Anopheles mosquito *Plasmodium destroys red blood cells *515 million cases annually with 1-3 million deaths annually in tropical and subtropical areas.

Plasmodium falciparum