CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL ACCESS Dr Michel Thieren (WHO/EIP/MHI) Technical Meeting for the Development of a Framework for Universal Access to Prevention, Care, Treatment and Support in the Health Sector WHO Executive Board Room Geneva, 18-20 October 2005 CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL ACCESS Dr Michel Thieren (WHO/EIP/MHI)

Objectives of the session What are the lessons learnt from the conceptual debate and where does this debate currently stand? What does "universal" mean? What does "access" mean? What determines and influences "universal access" and how to build a measurable framework upon them? What are the possible applications for universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care?

Objectives of the session 1 What are the lessons learnt from the conceptual debate and where does this debate currently stand? What does "universal" mean? What does "access" mean? What determines and influences "universal access" and how to build a measurable framework upon them? What are the possible applications for universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care?

Building up on the "coverage" debate Models or frameworks to explain / communicate but also to measure the concept of coverage Piot - Fransen Model for STI Tanahashi Model for Health Services Phillips & Morisson Model of Access to Health Care Model or framework to track progress and measure achievement on coverage Health System Effective coverage Service Availability Mapping

Piot – Fransen Model for STI Source: C.P. Hudson. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79 (1)

Tanahashi: Health Service Coverage Diagram Goal of service achievement Effectiveness Coverage Contact Coverage Acceptability Coverage Accessibility (geo. & fin.) Coverage Availability Coverage Target Population Source: Tanahashi T. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1978, 56 (2)

A Model of Access to Health Care

New definition of coverage Effective Coverage Model New definition of coverage The probability of receiving a necessary health intervention conditional on the presence of a health care need New definition of effective coverage The magnitude of the realised health gain from the intervention relative to the potential health gain possible with the optimal performance of the providers for a given health system We define coverage as ….

Service Availability Mapping

Lessons learned Low level of agreement internationally Some models are more complex than others Some are more convincing to convey a comprehensive message on access and coverage, others are more useful to monitor progresses on access and coverage The concepts are defined but there is broad space for flexibility It is not useful to push the conceptual debate further It is more important to focus on how to take the various concepts on board, agree on what they means for HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care and develop the framework accordingly

Objectives of the session 2 What are the lessons learnt from the conceptual debate and where does this debate currently stand? What does "universal" mean? What does "access" mean? What determines and influences "universal access" and how to build a measurable framework upon them? What are the possible applications for universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care?

how much a population can reach health services The concepts (1) Health supply terms Availability Affordability Health demand terms Utilisation Acceptability Access = how much a population can reach health services Coverage = the share of a population eligible (beneficiaries) for a set of interventions

Concepts (2) Universal Target Scaling-up Intervention vs. services Qualitatively, it gives a sense of equality, indivisibility Quantitatively it can be "all" or "enough for everyone to get a chance" Target Can be an outcome, prevention, or treatment target Scopes of target (global, country) Targeted entity: % of population, population group, group at risk, a group in need, districts, facilities … (measurability!!!!) Scaling-up Expand geographically diversify Intervention vs. services

Key points on the concepts (1): Use the term universal "access" instead or universal "coverage" Avoid benchmarking "universal" in absolute terms Use of the term "coverage" associated with outcome (intervention) indicators The term "universal access" can be completed by its target expressed in "universal access at 80% of coverage" for a specific intervention

Key points on the concepts (2): Measuring "access" may actually measure just one or a few domains of access (like availability, affordability and/or acceptability), but rarely all of them Define country targets in national context instead of focusing on global targets Define target taking into account the measurability of the targeted entity (e.g. district or population) Overall, the concepts of access, coverage and associated terms are not standardized across programs, so there is room for flexibility.

Objectives of the session 3 What are the lessons learnt from the conceptual debate and where does this debate currently stand? What does "universal" mean? What does "access" mean? What determines and influences "universal access" and how to build a measurable framework upon them? What are the possible applications for universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care?

DATA COLLECTION & MEASUREMENT !!! What determines effective coverage? Price of intervention j offered by provider k – Bjk Disposable income of individual i - Ii Geographic location of a provider k offering intervention j in relation to individual i - Qijk Cultural and social acceptability of intervention j offered by provider k to individual i - Zjik Availability of necessary technology to provider k for delivering intervention j - Rjk Expected health gain from intervention - HGij Performance of provider k in relation to intervention j - Pjk Adherence of individual i to intervention j - Yij DATA COLLECTION & MEASUREMENT !!!

SAM administration process Questionnaire programmed in Palm Pilot Availability of interventions ii at district (or facility) levels? Enter data in PDA and upload them in PC Analysis of data and production of district mapping

Building the framework Over-inclusive path WHO 2000-2003: the concept of effective coverage and its measurement problems Simplified path WHO 2005: the Service Availability Mapping Program focusing on availability only (is this enough?) Limit to what matters most Availability  measured through SAM Affordability  equated to "free of charge" (SAM) Acceptability  population and/or facility based surveys

Key points: building a framework on Universal Access (1) Set the objective of the framework: Communication: a comprehensive framework displaying all the determinants of access and their inter-relationship is required. Monitoring and evaluation: the framework should be limited to measurable determinants. Consider a simplified (not simple!) approach to building a framework for universal access Focus on "availability" of core interventions in the area of prevention, treatment and care, at least at district level (SAM concept)

Key points: building a framework on Universal Access (2) Define the steps to be taken if additional factors are to be included: "acceptability": could be measured for just a few countries using population or facility based surveys; "affordability" could be measured through household surveys for a few countries or equated to the implementation of free services policies at districts level Promote academic debate and undertake research on how to extract measures from geographical information (i.e. computation of SAM generated availability data)

Objectives of the session 4 What are the lessons learnt from the conceptual debate and where does this debate currently stand? What does "universal" mean? What does "access" mean? What determines and influences "universal access" and how to build a measurable framework upon them? What are the possible applications for universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care?

Universal access in the context of HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention and care interventions Universal access for treatment is treatment that is reachable, affordable and acceptable to all those in need Universal access for prevention is along the same lines as for treatment: key prevention services should be reachable, affordable and acceptable to all those who need it: "all districts should have VCT, PMTCT, condoms, sex & AIDS education (general public, schools)", target population programs, which could be specified and could be measured A core package of HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention and care interventions is defined, each one occurring in one of the four loci: hospital, health centre, community, home The framework for universal access is target driven

Key points: building a universal access framework for HIV/AIDS (1) Build a framework for HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care using a core set of interventions covering the four primary loci of delivery: hospital, health centre, community, home Define country targets in terms of availability for these interventions at district level Borrow preventive targets from the MDG and UNGASS

Key points: building a universal access framework for HIV/AIDS (2) Propose "universal access at least 80% coverage" for a given intervention Or propose even further, "all districts should have at least 80% coverage, all sub (risk) populations at least 80% coverage" "Coverage" should be used primarily for "intervention" targeting; the number of targets should nonetheless be limited to avoid burdening measurement

WORKING GROUPS WG1: Concepts and definitions WG2: Determinants of universal access and their measurement issues WG3: Country and global targets for universal access and their measurement issues

WG 1: Concepts and definitions In reference to the background paper, the glossary of terms and the presentation on the concepts of universal access, coverage and other associated terms: Propose a set of terms that suits the context of universal access for HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention and care Propose definitions of these terms in the context of HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention and care

WG 2: Determinants of access In reference to the background paper, the glossary of terms and the presentation on the concepts of universal access, coverage and their associated terms: Propose a set of determinants that suits the context of HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention and care List the measurement issues associated with these determinants Propose a measurement and data collection strategy for each of these determinants

WG 3: Principles for Setting Targets In reference to the background paper, the glossary of terms and the presentation on the concepts of universal access, coverage and their associated terms: Propose a set of principles that should guide the selection of targets that suits the context of HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention and care Propose two global targets for treatment and prevention and examples for formulating them at country level List the measurement issues associated with these targets Propose a measurement and data collection strategy for each of these targets

WG 4: Principles for Prevention Targets In reference to the background paper, the glossary of terms and the presentation on the concepts of universal access, coverage and their associated terms: Propose a set of principles that should guide the selection of targets that suits the context of HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention and care Propose two global targets for treatment and propose examples for formulating them at country level List the measurement issues associated with these targets Propose a measurement and data collection strategy for each of these targets