4/23/2017 HYPOTHESIS Moazzam Ali.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Animal, Plant & Soil Science
Advertisements

How does a hypothesis begin?
Scientific Method.
Science Process Skills
{ Creating a Hypothesis What do you predict will happen when you do your experiment?!
Writing A Hypothesis.
Research Hypothesis.
Technical Writing S03 Providence University 1 Cause and Effect & Hypothesizing Wu-Lin Chen Department of Computer Science and Information.
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE. Assumptions  Nature is real, understandable, knowable through observation  Nature is orderly and uniform  Measurements yield.
SA 452.3A Conceptualising the Research Process, © Dr Sunil Kumar, Social Policy, LSE SA 452.3A Conceptualising the Research Process © Dr Sunil Kumar, Department.
The Characteristics of an Experimental Hypothesis
Scientific Method and Experimentation
Virginia Standard of Learning BIO.1a-m
Identifying Variables and writing a Hypothesis pages 33-35
Applying the Scientific Method. What’s the best way to find out about something? ASK A QUESTION!!!!!!
Introduction to Experimental Design
September 8, 2011 Today’s greeting will be led by Breeyanna Daily News: Confirmation Classes are ok for Saturday school, we have Family Reunion on Friday,
@earthscience92. What is Science? Science – The systematic study of natural events and condition. Anything in living or nonliving world Scientific knowledge.
Vocabulary. Writing A Proper Hypothesis Using the “If / Then” Method.
What is Science?. What is science? – Science is not shaped by the opinions of people. – Science is not a democracy of ideas, but a competitive arena for.
Hypothesis. “a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences” (Merriam-Webster, 2008) “A hypothesis is.
Scientific Method. What is the scientific method?  The scientific method is the basic method, guide, and system, by which we originate, refine, extend,
Nursing Research Prof. Nawal A. Fouad (5) March 2007.
Scientific Inquiry & Skills
The Scientific Method Chpt. 5 Summary. Objectives Describe the order of steps in the scientific method Describe the order of steps in the scientific method.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK and Hypothesis Development
Learning Targets “I Can…” -State the six steps of the scientific method, in order. -Distinguish between a hypothesis and an opinion. -Define the word “hypothesis.”
RESEARCH.  RE·SEARCH :  Detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding. Cambridge Dictionaries.
Warm Up Aug 5, 2010 In your own words describe what you think science is. If your class did not finish the lab, get the lab write-up out and be ready to.
EQ: What are the most effective ways to carry out a scientific inquiry?
WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS?. A HYPOTHESIS IS NOT A(N): Question Random guess Observation Experiment Your mom.
METODE PENELITIAN AKUNTANSI. Tugas Tugas Telaah Tugas Riset.
Biological Science.
LECTURE 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research framework and Hypotheses development.
Constructing Hypothesis Week 7 Department of RS and GISc, Institute of Space Technology.
1 The Theoretical Framework. A theoretical framework is similar to the frame of the house. Just as the foundation supports a house, a theoretical framework.
Scientific Methods and Terminology. Scientific methods are The most reliable means to ensure that experiments produce reliable information in response.
Scientific Method. What is the scientific method?  The scientific method is the basic method, guide, and system, by which we originate, refine, extend,
The Scientific Method. Objectives Explain how science is different from other forms of human endeavor. Identify the steps that make up scientific methods.
Unit 1c: Scientific Method & Inquiry. The Methods Biologists Use The common steps that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer.
ESS. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD “The strongest arguments prove nothing so long as the conclusions are not verified by experience. Experimental science is the.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD: is a process used to find answers to questions about the world around us is an organized series of steps.
Scientific Method 1.Observe 2.Ask a question 3.Form a hypothesis 4.Test hypothesis (experiment) 5.Record and analyze data 6.Form a conclusion 7.Repeat.
Building Blocks of Scientific Research Chapter 5 References:  Business Research (Duane Davis)  Business Research Methods (Cooper/Schindler) Resource.
Scientific Method Review. Scientific Method Ask a Question: –state the purpose of what you are trying to figure out Form a Hypothesis: –a tentative explanation.
Steps of The Scientific Method 1.Purpose/Question (Why we are doing the experiment) 2.Background Information (What do we already know that will help us)
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 1 Research: An Overview.
Hypotheses. What Is a Real Hypothesis? A hypothesis is a tentative statement that proposes a possible explanation to some phenomenon or event. A useful.
Unit 1: Scientific Method. What is the scientific method? A scientific way to solve a problem. All scientists use this!
Page 1 Put it to the test Video. Page 2 #1 Does temperature cause leaves to change color? #2 Does Ultra violet light cause skin cancer? #3 Does eating.
Scientific Method. Steps in the Scientific Method  Observation  Hypothesis  Experiment  Data Collection  Conclusion  Retest.
The Scientific Method A universal, organized approach to solving scientific problems.
The Scientific Method. How can we ask questions about functions, interaction, etc.? The Scientific Method – Process of inquiry Discovery Science – Descriptive.
Moshe Banai, PhD Editor – International Studies of Management and Organization
THREE KINDS OF VARIABLES
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD   Regents Biology.
Unit 1: Scientific Method
Scientific Method.
Unit 1: Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
What is A Real Hypothesis?
Laws, Hypotheses and Development of Theories
Experimental Design (designing experiments)
Writing A Hypothesis.
How to Hypothesis.
Science 7.
Science 7.
Steps of the Scientific Method.
Development of Problem & Hypothesis
Presentation transcript:

4/23/2017 HYPOTHESIS Moazzam Ali

Hypothesis Defined Term derived from Greek word, hypotithenai meaning "to put under" or "to suppose" A hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative explanation by the researcher of what the researcher considers the outcome of an investigation will be It is an informed/educated guess

Hypothesis Defined (contd.) It indicates the expectations of the researcher regarding certain variables. It is the most specific way in which an answer to a problem can be stated A hypothesis is never to be stated as a question, but always as a statement with an explanation following it.

Usage of the Term In early usage, scholars often referred to a clever idea or to a convenient mathematical approach that simplified cumbersome calculations as a hypothesis - when used this way, the word did not necessarily have any specific meaning In common usage in the 21st century, a hypothesis refers to a provisional idea whose merit requires evaluation

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HYPOTHESIS AND A PROBLEM A problem is formulated in the form of a question; it serves as the basis or origin from which an hypothesis is derived A hypothesis is a suggested solution to a problem. A problem cannot be directly tested, whereas a hypothesis can be tested and verified Both a hypothesis and a problem contribute to the body of knowledge which supports or refutes an existing theory

When Is A Hypothesis Formulated? A hypothesis is formulated after the problem has been stated and the literature study has been concluded It is formulated when the researcher is totally aware of the theoretical and empirical background to the problem

The Purpose & Function of a Hypothesis It offers explanations for the relationships between those variables that can be empirically tested It furnishes proof that the researcher has sufficient background knowledge to enable him/her to make suggestions in order to extend existing knowledge It gives direction to an investigation. It indicates the next phase in the investigation and therefore furnishes continuity to the examination of the problem

CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYPOTHESIS It should have elucidating power It should strive to furnish an acceptable explanation of the phenomenon It must be verifiable It must be formulated in simple, understandable terms It should correspond with existing knowledge

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES Hypotheses can be classified in terms of their derivation Inductive Hypothesis Deductive Hypothesis Hypotheses can also be classified in terms of their formulation Research Hypothesis Statistical or Null Hypothesis

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES (contd.) Inductive Hypothesis When the researcher arrives at a conclusion based on a set of observations made by the researcher. An hypothesis based on inductive reasoning can lead to a more careful study of a situation Deductive Hypothesis When the researcher makes conclusions based on previously known facts. Considered more valid form of reasoning.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES (contd.) Research Hypothesis It is a relationship between variables and indicates the nature of the relationship For Example: If A is valid, B follows If you hit a child with a cane, he/she will cry Schools in which pupil-teacher relations are open/friendly will have less unrest than comparable schools where pupil-teacher relations are closed/tense

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES (contd.) Statistical or Null Hypothesis (H0) A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true For Example: There is no difference between pupil-teacher relations in unrest schools and pupil-teacher relations in comparable schools which experience no unrest

Formulating A Research Hypothesis To formulate a research hypothesis: We start with a research question and; generate operational definitions for all variables and; formulate a research hypothesis keeping in mind expected relationships or differences and operational definitions

Hypotheses and Prediction A useful hypothesis is a testable statement which may include a prediction Hypotheses are understood in terms of the particular independent and dependent variables that the researcher uses in the study

How Are Hypotheses Written? Chocolate may cause pimples Salt in soil may affect plant growth Plant growth may be affected by the color of the light Bacterial growth may be affected by temperature Ultra violet light may cause skin cancer Temperature may cause leaves to change color All of these are examples of hypotheses because they use the tentative word "may” However, using the word may does not suggest how the researcher would go about proving it. If these statements had not been written carefully, they may not have even been hypotheses at all For example, if we say "Trees will change color when it gets cold" we are making a prediction Or if we write, "Ultraviolet light causes skin cancer“, it could be a conclusion

Formalized Hypothesis One way to avoid making a mistake while writing an hypothesis is to formalize the form of the hypothesis For Example, 1. If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light , then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer. 2. If leaf color change is related to temperature , then exposing plants to low temperatures will result in changes in leaf color.

Formalized Hypothesis Notice that the example statements contain the words, if and then. They are necessary in a formalized hypothesis. But not all if-then statements are hypotheses. For example, "If I play the lottery, then I will get rich." This is a simple prediction. In a formalized hypothesis, a tentative relationship is stated. For example, “if the frequency of winning is related to frequency of buying lottery tickets, “THEN” is followed by a prediction of what will happen if you increase or decrease the frequency of buying lottery tickets. TIP: If you always ask yourself that if one thing is related to another, then you should be able to test it

Variables In Formalized Hypothesis Formalized hypotheses contain two variables. Independent variable: is the variable that the researcher controls Dependent variable: is the one that the researcher observes and/or measures the results of In the example below, the dependent variable is blue and the independent variable is red If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light , then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer

4/23/2017 THANK YOU