LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT (PHONETICS) Yılmaz Kılıçaslan

Contents  Linguistic Layers  Phonetics  Phonology 2

A Retrospective and Prospective Summary 3 SIGNSREALITY MINDS SYMBOLS ICONS INDICES Phonetics Sociolinguistics Cognitive Linguistics Linguistic Form Semantics Pragmatics Phonology Morphology Syntax

Language in Context 4

Phonetics: language in nature  Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker; the study of the position, shape and movement of speech organs (articulators) such as the lips, tongue, and vocal folds.  Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener; the study of the spectro-temporal properties of the sound waves produced by speech, such as their frequency, amplitude, and harmonic structure.  Auditory Phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener; the study of the perception, categorization, and recognition of speech sounds and the role of the auditory system and the brain. 5

Natural periphery of language... fine motor coordinations and things like that [w]hich take place in the use of language, like when you speak you control your lips and so on, [are] very peripheral to language... So for example, whether you use the articulatory organs or sign, you know hand motions, it's the same language. In fact, it's even being analyzed and produced in the same parts of the brain, even though one of them is moving your hands and the other is moving your lips. So whatever the externalization is, it seems quite peripheral. (from a conversation with Noam Chomsky on Where Artificial Intelligence Went Wrong, Interviewer: Yarden Katz) 6

Text: language in society 7 In its social mode of existence, language appears as a text (or discourse). Therefore, text (in oral, written or any other form) is the object of study of sociolinguistics. Like phonetics, it is a multiperspectival field of study. But, unlike phonetics, its concern is not the natural realization of language but its social content and context. We will not go into an account of this complex area of study.

Social periphery of language  Take garden-path sentences: –The horse raced past the barn fell. Paraphrase: the horse that was raced past the barn, by someone, fell.  There are things we can't say, for some reason: A: √ "The mechanics fixed the cars". B: √ "They wondered if the mechanics fixed the cars." A: ?√ "How many cars did they wonder if the mechanics fixed?" A: * "How many mechanics did they wonder if fixed the cars?" (Somehow it doesn't work, can't say that. It's a fine thought, but you can't say it. Well, if you look into it in detail, the most efficient computational rules prevent you from saying it. But for expressing thought, for communication, it'd be better if you could say it -- so that's a conflict.)  And in fact, every case of a conflict that's known, computational efficiency wins. The externalization is yielding all kinds of ambiguities but for simple computational reasons, it seems that the system internally is just computing efficiently, it doesn't care about the externalization. (Adapted from a conversation with Noam Chomsky on Where Artificial Intelligence Went Wrong, Interviewer: Yarden Katz) 8

Phones versus Phonemes 9 Phonemes are discrete and cognitive units of sound. They are not only the outputs of a process of conversion from continuous waves of sounds in the physical world but also abstractions from a set of so-called phones, which are physical speech units perceived by the human ear. In order for two different phones to be considered two distinct phonemes, they need to be employable to form meaningful contrasts between utterances. Consider the words pin and spin. Both contain the same phoneme /p/. However, this phoneme is realized as a different phone in each of these words. In the first word, it is an aspirated sound, [p ʰ ], whereas in the second it is unaspirated, [p]. Nevertheless, these different sounds are considered to belong to the same phoneme in English because, if an English speaker used one instead of the other, the meaning of the word would not change: using [p ʰ ] in spin might sound odd, but the word would still be recognized. However, if a different phoneme, say [k] were used, the meaning of the word would completely change: skin means something totally different

Phones versus Phonemes 10 Concretizing a phoneme is to realize it as an allophone with new features interpreted with specific values. Informally a phonological rule takes an underlying abstract form as input, operates on it, and yields a surface form, i.e. an allophone. However, this operation is somewhat context-sensitive. That is to say, it has to take place in a certain phonological environment. A phonological rule has the following general form: A → B / D __ E. The environment where the rule is to apply is expressed by the symbols falling to the right of the slash. A rule of the form above will stipulate that A becomes B when it occurs between D and E. Other symbols in rule writing include: C = any obstruent, V = any vowel, Ø = nothing, # = word boundary, ( ) = optional, and { } = either/or. A deletion rule is A → Ø / E __ (A is deleted when it occurs after E) and an insertion rule is Ø → A / E __ (A is inserted when it occurs after E). A common practice is to use σ to indicate a syllable boundary and # to indicate a word boundary.

Phones versus Phonemes 11 Below are some phonological examples illustrating the environments for some phonemes to be realized as allophones (from Özsoy 2004): /i/ sesbiriminin genizsil [ĩ], daha açık [i ̌ ] ve [i] olmak üzere üç sesbirimciği bulunmaktadır. Bu üç sesbirimciğinin oluşturulma koşulları şöyledir: Aynı seslem içinde genizsil ve akıcı ünsüzlerden önce ve sözcük sonunda bulunduğunda, sözcük içinde diğer konumlardaki oluşumuna göre biraz daha açık olan [i ̌ ] olarak oluşturulur; aynı seslem içinde içinde /m n/ genizsillerinden önce geldiğinde, ses benzeşmesi sonucu genizsil [ĩ] olarak oluşturulur; diğer konumlarda ise [i] olarak oluşturulur. (Özsoy 2004, pp ) More formally:

Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception 12

Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception 13

Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception 14

Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception 15

Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception 16

Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception 17

Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception 18

Context Sensitivity of Visual Perception 19

Türkçe Sesli Uyumu 20 a ı e i o u ö ü

Türkçe Sessiz Uyumu 21 ç f h k p s ş t l m n r y b c d g ğ j v z

Sanskritçe’nin Grameri (M.Ö. 500) 22 Pā ṇ ini, 3959 kurallı Sanskritçe gramerini formüle etmiştir. aıou eiöü Türkçe için sesli uyumu otomatı

Dilin Soyutlama Düzeyleri 23 PHONES ALLOPHONES ALLOPMORPHSPHONEMES MORPHEMES WORDS CATEGORIES COMBINATION SIGNIFICATION

Katmanlı Otomat Modeli – bir örnek 24 q0q0 q1 q2 stem plur q 01 q 02 q 03 q 04 ö p k e k l q 02 q 03 e r [e, k] [e, r]