Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-148521-0 Introduction Chapter 1.

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Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Introduction Chapter 1

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Languages, Levels, Virtual Machines A multilevel machine

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Contemporary Multilevel Machines A six-level computer. The support method for each level is indicated below it.

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Evolution of Multilevel Machines Invention of microprogramming Invention of operating system Migration of functionality to microcode Elimination of microprogramming

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Operating System Tasks A sample job for the FMS operating system

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Milestones in Computer Architecture (1) Some milestones in the development of the modern digital computer.

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Milestones in Computer Architecture (2) Some milestones in the development of the modern digital computer.

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Generations Zeroth Generation Mechanical Computers (1642 – 1945) First Generation Vacuum Tubes (1945 – 1955) Second Generation Transistors (1955 – 1965) Third Generation Integrated Circuits (1965 – 1980) Fourth Generation Very Large Scale Integration (1980 – ?)

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Von Neumann Machine The original Von Neumann machine.

John von Neumann w/ ENIAC Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

PDP-8 Innovation – Single Bus The PDP-8 omnibus

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved IBM 360 The initial offering of the IBM product line.

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Technological and Economic Forces Moore’s law predicts a 60-percent annual increase in the number of transistors that can be put on a chip. The data points given in this figure are memory sizes, in bits.

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Computer Spectrum The current spectrum of computers available. The prices should be taken with a grain (or better yet, a metric ton) of salt.

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Personal Computer A printed circuit board is at the heart of every personal computer. This figure is a photograph of the Intel D875PBZ board. The photograph is copyrighted by the Intel Corporation, 2003 and is used by permission. 1. Pentium 4 socket P Support chip 3. Memory sockets 4. AGP connector 5. Disk interface 6. Gigabit Ethernet 7. Five PCI slots 8. USB 2.0 ports 9. Cooling technology 10. BIOS

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Example Computer Families Pentium 4 by Intel UltraSPARC III by Sun Microsystems The 8051 chip by Intel, used for embedded systems

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Intel Computer Family (1) The Intel CPU family. Clock speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz) where 1 MHZ is 1 million cycles/sec.

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Intel Computer Family (2) The Pentium 4 chip. The photograph is copyrighted by the Intel Corporation, 2003 and is used by permission.

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Intel Computer Family (3) Moore’s law for (Intel) CPU chips.

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved MCS-51 Family Members of the MCS-51 family.

Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Metric Units The principal metric prefixes.

Processors/computers are everywhere! Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved $0.30 computers:

Processors are everywhere! Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Nvidia GeForce GTX Titan cores! - titan/specificationshttp:// titan/specifications

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