The Animal Kingdom

Phylogenetic Tree branching diagram or "tree" showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species

Define phylogenic tree-explain why scientists use them.

~General Characteristics ~ Multicellular-made up of more than one type of cell Eukaryotic – Cells contain a Nucleus Heterotrophs – Eat other organisms for a source of food and energy.

~General Characteristics ~ Invertebrate- Does NOT possess or develop a vertebral column (backbone), derived from the notochord

Vertebrate- Developes a vertebral column (backbone) from the notochord

Hydrostatic Skeleton: Water supported skeleton Exoskeleton: hard outer covering made of chitin Endoskeleton: Made of bone or cartilage, inside of the body

Body Cavity- fluid-filled space located between an animal’s outer covering (epidermis), and the outer lining of the gut cavity, where internal organs develop

1. Acoelomates – animals have 3 tissue layers with a digestive tract but no body cavities.

2. Pseudocoelomates – animals with a fluid-filled body cavity between the endoderm & mesoderm

3. Coelomates – animals with a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm. They have space for internal organs to attach

~ Characteristics ~ Most animals develop from a zygote or “fertilized egg.” The zygote goes through a series of cellular divisions to form a Blastula – a hollow ball of cells.

~ Developmental Characteristics ~ These cells will form into 3 tissue layers by a process called gastrulation: Ectoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula Endoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the gastrula Mesoderm, made up of two layers of cells lying between the ectoderm and endoderm – middle layer

~General Characteristics ~ Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry Asymmetrical Symmetry

Open Circulatory System the blood flows from the heart through open-ended vessels into sinuses where it bathes the tissues inside the cavity. This is how gas exchange occurs. 

Closed Circulatory System The blood of a closed system always flows inside vessels and is pumped around the entire body for gas and nutrient exchange.

9 Phyla of the Kingdom Animalia

~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla No backbones Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Echinoderm No backbones 95% of all animals are in this group

~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~pg 705-709 Pores (holes) all over body Example: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge Do not move around (sessile) Most live in marine environments No symmetry (asymmetrical)

Phylum Porifera~ Hollow bodied Filter Feeders: a sponge has one opening and filters water to find particles of food Asexual Reproduction: fragmentation thru budding. Sexual Reproduction: hermaphrodites

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ pg 710-715 Live in marine environments Most have cnidocytes- stinging tentacles that they use to capture their prey. Each stinging cell has a nematocyst that holds the tube containing the poison and barbs Examples: Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

Phylum Cnidaria~ Have radial symmetry They have one opening for hunting food in and expelling waste 2 body shapes: polyp and medusa.

Phylum Cnidaria~ They can reproduce asexually by budding & sexually by producing sperm and egg.

~Invertebrate Flat worms – Phylum Platyhelminthes pg 726-730 Thin, flat bodies, single opening for mouth & anus, no body cavities (acoelomates) Bilateral symmetry Planaria can reproduce sexually because they are hermaphrodites or asexually by regeneration.

Free living worms feed on dead or slow moving organisms Parasitic worms have hooks and suckers which enable them to attach to their hosts. Ex: Planaria, Schistosoma (fluke), tapeworm

~Invertebrate Round Worms- Phylum Nematoda pg 731-736 Round bodies, fluid filled body cavitiy (mouth-tube-anus) pseudocoelomates Bilateral symmetry and are cylindrical Examples: Trichinosis pg 733 Hookworms pg 734 Ascariasis Pinworms Elephantiasis pg 735 Heartworms

~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ pg 737-744 Mollusca “Soft internal bodies” (no shells) Ex: octopus, slugs, squids. Bilateral symmetry Coelomates-digestive track with 2 openings Mantle-surrounds the internal organs of mollusks with shells. Ex: clams, snails Live on land or in water

Phylum Mollusca Radula-located in a mollusks mouth it is a tongue-like organ lines with rows of teeth used for feeding. Most aquatic species reproduce sexually- fertilization occurs externally Those that live on land are hermaphrodites and fertilization is internal. Most mollusks have an open circulatory system Squids have a major evolutionary adaptation of a closed circulatory system.

Examples 1. Snails 2. Slugs

Clams 4. Octopus 5.Squid

~Invertebrate Segmented worms- Phylum Annelida pg 726-730 “ringed worms””segmented” Coelomates, body cavity with 2 openings -mouth-crop-esophagus-stomach-intestines-anus Bilateral symmetry Examples: Earthworm, marine worms, parasitic leeches

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda ~762-781 Characteristics: segmented invertebrates bilateral symmetry coelomate body cavity. largest group of organisms on earth, 70-85% of all animal species.

Phylum Arthropoda ~762-781 3 features of this phylum Segmentation-Body divided into sections Have Exoskeleton – tough external covering made of Chitin that protects & supports the body of many invertebrates. Page 763 Jointed Appendages

Phylum Arthropoda ~ Respire by way of: page 766-767 Gills-aquatic arthropods tracheal tubes- terrestrial arthropods book lungs- some arthropods including spiders Circulation: Open Circulatory System

Examples 1. Spiders 2. Insects 3. Millipedes & Centipedes

5. Crabs 6. Shrimp 7. Lobster

~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~792-801 Echinoderm= “spiny skin” Marine animals Have an endoskeleton Radial symmetry

~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~ Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber

Vertebrates NOT finished

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~803-807 Early ancestral invertebrate chordates believed to be more closely related to vertebrates than any other invertebrate. Ex: lancelets, and tunicates 4 Characteristics shared by all Chordates: pg 803-804 Notochord Postanal tail Dorsal tubular nerve cord Pharyngeal pouches

~ Vertebrate ~ Phylum Chordata ~pg 803-807 5 classes Fish 821-833 Amphibians 835-841 Reptiles 852-860 Birds 861-869 Mammals 880-897

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Fish 821-833 Live in seas, lakes, ponds, streams, marshes, oceans Characteristics of Fish: Vertebrate Jaws Paired fins Scales Gills Single-loop Closed Circulation Sexual Reproduction-external fertilization

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Fish 821-833 Classes of Fish Pg 828 Myxini- “Jawless fish”- hagfish, lamprey Pg 829 Chondrichthyes- “Cartilaginous fish” – sharks, skates, rays Pg 831 Osteichthyes “bony fish”- ray finned fish, lobed fish

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Amphibians 835-841 Characteristics of Amphibians: Most begin life as aquatic organisms Thru metamorphosis they become equipped to survive life on land. Most have 4 legs Moist skin No scales Gas exchange occurs thru skin or lungs ectotherm Double-loop closed circulatory system Sexual reproduction-external fertilization

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Amphibians 835-841 Examples: pages 838-839 Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Worm-like Caecilians

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Reptiles 852-860 Characteristics of Reptiles: Vertebrate Amniotic shelled eggs Scaly skin Lungs for gas exchange Ectotherm Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen from lungs and it enters the circulatory system. Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilization

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Reptiles Examples: 856-857 Lizards Snakes Turtles Crocodiles Alligators Tuataras

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Birds 861-869 Characteristics of Birds: Vertebrate Amniotic shelled eggs Feathers Lungs for gas exchange Endotherms Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen from lungs and it enters the circulatory system. 4 chambered heart Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilization

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Birds 861-869 Examples: pg 867 see the chart

~Vertebrate Phylum Chordata ~ Class Mammals 880-897 Characteristics of Mammals: Vertebrate Mammary glands Hair Amniotic eggs Live birth Lungs for gas exchange Endotherm Closed Circulation- lungs take in oxygen where it enters the circulatory system. 4 chambered heart Sexual Reproduction-internal fertilization