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 All organisms in this kingdom have these common characteristics: ◦ Multicellular ◦ Eukaryotes ◦ No cell wall- unlike fungi, plants, bacteria ◦ Heterotrophs– consumer not decomposer ◦ Have Specialized Cells- unlike protists 2

 Invertebrates-No Vertebral Column with spinal cord  Vertebrates- Have a Vertebral Column with spinal cord 3

 Animals must have= Oxygen and Glucose  The process they must complete to get energy or ATP=Cellular Respiration 4

 SkeletalSupport and Protection  DigestiveExtracts energy and nutrients from food  NervousCoordinates response and behavior  RespiratoryExchanges Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  CirculatoryTransport of Gases, Nutrients and Waste 5

 Asymmetry - No symmetry=Sponges  Radial symmetry - can cut in equal halves-more than one way=Cnidarians and Echinoderms  Bilateral symmetry - Head/Brain area present with senses. 6

7 Asymmetry

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10 * Usually more complicated organisms *Usually simpler organisms Background: different types of body symmetry

11 They all have a head area with sense organs

 Ectoderm develops into skin and nervous tissue  Endoderm develops into the lining of the digestive tract and organs associated with digestion  In some animals mesoderm forms  Mesoderm is the third layer and develops into muscles, circulatory, excretory, and respiratory systems 12

 Acoelom- do not have a body cavity, organs are imbedded in tissues  Pseudocoelom -(partial) a body cavity partly lined with mesoderm  Coelom- a body cavity totally lined with medosderm that provides space for the development of internal organs 13

14 *Background: types of coelomes (body cavities)

 Advantages: 1.Protection 2.Prevents water loss on land (waxy layer)  Disadvantages: 1.Heavy-cannot grow big 2.Growth requires molting-may be killed by predators

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 An internal skeleton that provides support inside the body  Advantage: Organisms can grow larger with skeleton inside Is this possible???? Of course not!!! 17

18 Echinoderms All Vertebrates

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 What is different about Sponges? Asymmetrical or no symmetry  Simplest Animals-Only Simple Cells, no tissues  They can remain motionless because they Filter feed with Collar Cells  Sessile-Do not move around 20

 Oxygen comes in through Diffusion  Filter Feeds as an adult with collar cells 21

 Hermaphroditism – Most common means of reproduction. Sponges have sperm AND eggs to increase the odds of reproduction.  Asexual Reproduction-Fragmentation also possible 22

23 Sea Anemone (Polyp) Jellyfish (Medusa)

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 Evolution of Radial Symmetry starts with Cnidarians  Advantage: Can Extend tentacles equally in all directions (increase food uptake) 25

 Basic digestive system-gastrovascular cavity  Also basic nervous system (nerve net)  O 2 still enters by diffusion 26

 Reproduces sexually and asexually  Skeleton-none present  Coral are calcium carbonate remains from previously living Cnidarians 27

28 Planarian – not parasitic Tapeworm – parasitic

 Acoelom  Bilateral symmetry  No digestive system: sugar are absorbed by diffusion in host’s intestine  Reproduction-most are hermaphrodites  No respiratory system-Oxygen absorbed by diffusion through the body 29

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32 See full-size image.See full-size image. Fresh Water Planaria Uses Pharynx to obtain food Salt Water Flatworms

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34 Example hookworm – parasitic Hookworms can burrow through skin (walking around barefoot) Also enters through contaminated food

 Bilateral symmetry  Pseudocoelom  Complete digestive system with mouth and anus  Sexual reproduction/hermaphrodites  Oxygen enters body by diffusion 35

36 Hookworms, Pinworms, and Tapeworms that were removed from a Brazilian boy treated on a Rockefeller foundation mission (early 1900’s) These parasites still affect people all over the globe.

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 Food safety inspections  Good sanitation  Medication widely available 38

39 Roundworms Dirofilaria is a roundworm that causes heartworm disease in dogs.

40 Ascaris: a parasitic roundworm Other Roundworms

41 Elephantiasis results when a roundworm blocks the lymphatic system, causing severe swelling The roundworm is carried by mosquitoes in tropical Africa

42 Hookworms attached to the intestines

43 leech Earthworm

 Bilateral symmetry  True Coelom (full range of motion, complex organs inside)  Complete digestion system  Most are hermaphrodites with sexual reproduction  Obtain oxygen by diffusion thru skin 44

45 Giant Earthworm Regular Earthworm

 Swallow dirt, filter out food  Loosen soil, helps to aerate soil for plants  Also fertilizes plants with castings (poop) 46

 Two chemicals in saliva to help it take blood from hosts 1.Anesthetic (blocks pain) 2.Anti-coagulant (prevents blood clotting) 47

48 Clam – 2 shells Bivalves Snail – 1 shell Gastropods Squid – no shell

 Bilateral symmetry  Getting food – filter feeders (clams), grazers (snails), predators (slugs)  Getting O 2 – gills in aquatic mollusks, primitive lung in snails  Both Open or closed circulatory system 49

Open No blood vessels Blood surrounds body’s organs, delivers O 2 Smaller animals Closed Blood in vessels Larger animals

 Hermaphrodites  Aquatic – release sperm and eggs into water  Land – meet and swap sperm, fertilize eggs inside 51

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 Four main classes within this HUGE phylum: 1. Arachnids 2. Crustaceans 3. Centipedes /millipedes 4. Insects 53

54 Black widowBrown recluse Chigger (flea) Tick Scorpion

55 Crab Barnacles Lobster

56 Centipede Millipede

57 Fire ants Wasp Grasshopper

 Most successful of all animal phyla  Exoskeleton  Bilateral symmetry  Segmented body  True Coelom 58

59 In Terrestrial arthropods-Oxygen enters by spiracles and then into tracheal tubes in some arthropods. Reproduction- Internal fertilization (mating) in land arthropods

 Open circulatory system  Uses special jaws called mandibles  Use Pheromones (chemical signals) for communication and mating 60

Sophisticated sensory / motor control 61 Compound eye of a fruit fly Compound eye of a fruit fly

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63 sea star sea urchin sea cucumber

 Bilateral symmetry in larvae  Radial symmetry in adults (live on ocean floor)  Coelom with organs  Endoskeleton 64

 Food – variety of diet (some eat clams, some eat algae, some filter feed)  Water vascular system (water instead of blood to carry Oxygen)  Reproduction Sexual  Regeneration possible in some 65

66 Lancelet Tunicates

 Have notochord –This is a rigid rod in the dorsal area which gives support.  In vertebrates it becomes the vertebral spinal column  There are two groups that do not develop the vertebral spinal column-lancelets and tunicates 67

 Chordates have 3 subphylums ◦ Tunicates ◦ Lancelets ◦ Vertebrates 68

69 lancelet tunicate

70 Each of these is a Class in the Phylum Chordata