Department of Computer Science Dr. Ranette Halverson

History of the Internet Today

Before Internet Million dollar mainframes Million dollar mainframes NO personal computers NO personal computers Systems were stand-alone Systems were stand-alone Terminals Terminals Few Standards – No Compatibility Few Standards – No Compatibility Hardware Hardware Software Software Sharing? Sharing? Reel-to-reel tapes Reel-to-reel tapes

Before Internet IBM

Development of the Internet From 2 directions Top Down Top Down Globally From Location to Location Globally From Location to Location Bottom Up Bottom Up Networking Within a Location Networking Within a Location Not personal computers Not personal computers Which one came first??

Development of the Internet Technical Issues Hardware Hardware Networking Networking Wires? Wires? *Dr. Passos* *Dr. Passos* Software Software Compatibility Compatibility Few Standards Few Standards Xerox Alto

The First Inspiration 1962: Licklider - MIT Scientist “galactic network”- computer to computer 1962: Licklider - MIT Scientist “galactic network”- computer to computer J. C. R. Licklider

U.S. Defense Department 1968: ARPANET Proposed 1968: ARPANET Proposed Requested bids – Rand Corp. Requested bids – Rand Corp. Goals: Goals: Work even if damaged Work even if damaged Share information Share information Each site bought same computer – no standards Each site bought same computer – no standards

First “internet” 1969: ARPANET went online 1969: ARPANET went online 4 computer systems 4 computer systems In California & Utah In California & Utah Restricted: Universities, Defense Research Centers Restricted: Universities, Defense Research Centers

Growth of Arpanet 1973: International defense sites in England and Norway 1973: International defense sites in England and Norway 1981: 213 Computers 1981: 213 Computers 1983: 1,000 Computers 1983: 1,000 Computers 1987: 10,000 Computers 1987: 10,000 Computers

Political Developments 1982: Split Civilian - ARPANET from Military – MILNET 1982: Split Civilian - ARPANET from Military – MILNET NSF had supervision of ARPANET NSF had supervision of ARPANET 1983: Internet protocols went online 1983: Internet protocols went online

1971: Ray Tomlinson 1971: Ray Tomlinson Arpanet Project: SNDMSG Arpanet Project: SNDMSG Send messages between users on a single computer Send messages between users on a single computer First First Through Arpanet, between 2 computers sitting side-by-side Through Arpanet, between 2 computers sitting side-by-side Used Used 2 years later 2 years later 75% of Arpanet traffic was 75% of Arpanet traffic was Not available otherwise Not available otherwise

Internet Before WWW Arpanet - goal was resource sharing Arpanet - goal was resource sharing FTP, Telnet: had to know location of information FTP, Telnet: had to know location of information Required log-in, access rights Required log-in, access rights Groups Groups Dial-ups Dial-ups Bulletin Boards, Discussion Groups, Etc. Bulletin Boards, Discussion Groups, Etc. 13

WWW – The Pieces Doug Englebart – Stanford – 1960’s Doug Englebart – Stanford – 1960’s mouse + on-line system mouse + on-line system Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper Hypertext Hypertext Ted Nelson: Xanadu System Ted Nelson: Xanadu System Computer Lib/Dream Machines Computer Lib/Dream Machines Hypertext: forms of writing which branch or perform on request; they are best presented on computer display screens Hypertext: forms of writing which branch or perform on request; they are best presented on computer display screens Worked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’s Worked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’s Apple Macintosh HyperCard Apple Macintosh HyperCard

WWW - Finally 1989 –WWW Protocols Tim CERN Tim CERN European particle physics lab European particle physics lab Swiss-French border Swiss-French border First Web Site First Web Site Features and Goals Features and Goals A shared information space, inclusion A shared information space, inclusion Across platforms Across platforms URL- Uniform Resource Locator URL- Uniform Resource Locator To avoid database restrictions To avoid database restrictions HTTP- to replace FTP HTTP- to replace FTP HTML HTML 15

WWW – The Early Years Slow Start - few but CERN supported Slow Start - few but CERN supported Hard to program links Hard to program links Just a few browsers- Just a few browsers- Lynx & Viola Lynx & Viola 16

Acceptable Use Policy – NSF NSFnet: 1988 – 1995 NSFnet: 1988 – 1995 “NSF backbone services are provided to support open research & education in and among US research and instructional institutions, plus research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication & research. Use for other purposes is not acceptable.” “NSF backbone services are provided to support open research & education in and among US research and instructional institutions, plus research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication & research. Use for other purposes is not acceptable.” 17

Acceptable Use Policy – NSF – 1990 Allowed “announcements of new products or activities… but not advertising of any kind” Allowed “announcements of new products or activities… but not advertising of any kind” Allowed “communication incidental to otherwise acceptable use, except for illegal or specifically unacceptable use” Allowed “communication incidental to otherwise acceptable use, except for illegal or specifically unacceptable use” Unacceptable: “Extensive use for private or personal use” Unacceptable: “Extensive use for private or personal use” 18

Growth of Internet By 1992 – restrictions lifted By 1992 – restrictions lifted Jan – one trillion bytes/month Jan – one trillion bytes/month Jan – 10 trillion bytes/month Jan – 10 trillion bytes/month 1995 – NSF net “dissolved” 1995 – NSF net “dissolved” Structure for commercialization was already there Structure for commercialization was already there 19

ARPANET and Internet William Wulf, May 1993: “I don’t think any of us know where this is going anymore, … but there’s something exciting happening, and it’s big.” - Former DEC Engineer -NSF in late 1980’s 20

Congress’ Vision of Internet Opposite of what happened High-speed government n.w. for research & education High-speed government n.w. for research & education Researchers would pay for use Researchers would pay for use Telecommunications companies would build and charge Telecommunications companies would build and charge So, how did we get here?!? 21

Browsers Mosaic January 1993 Mosaic January 1993 Released over the Internet Released over the Internet Used Mouse, hypercard Used Mouse, hypercard Links in different color Links in different color Seamless integration of text and graphics Seamless integration of text and graphics Re-written for Windows and Macintosh Re-written for Windows and Macintosh Netscape Navigator Netscape Navigator Clark & Andreessen Clark & Andreessen Netscape Communications Corp Netscape Communications Corp 1995 – Public release of stock 1995 – Public release of stock $28  $58 (day 1)  $150 $28  $58 (day 1)  $150 Internet Explorer, Mozilla Internet Explorer, Mozilla

1990’s – Time of Great Change Early1990’s – mostly universities Early1990’s – mostly universities 1995: NSF lost funding - ban on commercial use gone 1995: NSF lost funding - ban on commercial use gone Today: No Central Control Today: No Central Control Volunteer Groups: like WWW Consortium- etc. established standards Volunteer Groups: like WWW Consortium- etc. established standards

Thank You! QUESTIONS? QUESTIONS?