Statistics Statistics are numerical data. How were the instances collected? How representative was the sample (if any)? How reasonable is the generalization?

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Presentation transcript:

Statistics Statistics are numerical data. How were the instances collected? How representative was the sample (if any)? How reasonable is the generalization? How are the statistics interpreted?

Exercise A3 Most (extent) Americans (population) favor U.S. involvement in the Middle East (property). A recent poll of 250 people living in or around Chicago (sample) revealed that 63% of those surveyed favor such involvement (finding).

Exercise A5 In a recent…, 40% (finding) Of the 2,000 men involved (sample) Reported at least minimal hair growth, and another 12% reported moderate hair growth (finding). These data clearly establish that Sibodil really (extent) Works to restore lost hair (property). (all men is the implied population.)

Exercise B 1. How was the sample chosen? How large was the sample? 3. Can’t generalize from sample. 5. Small sample size. Is there any reason to generalize that the discontent is growing?

Exercise C 1. …the last one. / The net effect… 3. …the past century. / These figures prove… 5. …the last quarter of / We have to… 7. …the last 300 years. / These statistics… 9. …proceed with executions. / Thus, capital punishment… 11. …June, July, & August. / It certainly pays…

Testimony Lay testimony: Opinions of reliable observers with personal involvement. Expert testimony: Knowledge and opinions arising from study or work experiences. Functions of testimony: Verify truth or representative qualities of examples or statistics Explain reasoning Interpret data

Credibility of Sources Sufficient expertise Reasonable objectivity Access to information Accurate use of material Detail and clarity of evidence