IMPERIALISM ONE COUNTRY’S DOMINATION OF THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC or SOCIAL & CULTURAL LIFE OF ANOTHER COUNTRY New Imperialism –

Motives For New Imperialism [Loss of New World Empires to “independence” & Industrial Revolution] Economic: 1870’s – 2 nd Industrial Revolution and economic depression increased desires of companies and countries to gain new, independent and exclusive sources of (new) raw materials and markets so countries scrambled for colonies Political & nationalistic: prestige, strategic locations, “superiority”, ethnocentrism, competition with other industrialized countries

MORE Motives For New Imperialism Cultural Motives –“Civilizing” Mission: desire to spread Western technology, religion, customs & traditions - believed Western culture was superior -& –spread Christianity {Kipling’s - “White Man’s Burden”} -Racism: new racist ideas were growing; new ideologies support; gives “scientific” justification for exploitation

Ideological justification  based on cultural values Belief in Anglo-Saxon or European natural superiority Belief in natural inferiority of non-white peoples and cultures – barbarian, immoral “savage” Belief that Europeans have a duty as the superior race to civilize the world Belief that only the strongest nations & people are to survive (Social Darwinism)

Methods of Gaining Control Military Invasion –claim that area is a threat –claim that disorder threatens business in region –Technological advantage: transportation, communication, medicine, military Indebtedness –ruler of region or country gets loans from Western country –falls under their control

Gain Concession –then send in support (military) to protect concession “Free Trade” – relationship that favored elite of underdeveloped country

FORMS OF NEW IMPERIALISM COLONY: “Mother Country” directly rules region - settles people there PROTECTORATE: “Mother Country” allows native rulers to stay in power, but controls them SPHERE OF INFLUENCE: country has exclusive rights to trade in particular region CONCESSION: country or company granted exclusive right to exploit a particular resource FREE TRADE IMPERIALISM:

Treatment of Native People slavery or forced labor (slave trade ended 1830’s) Belgian Congo Segregation - separated natives and Euro colonists (Dutch, English, Germans) (apartheid-South Africa) Assimilation - try to get natives to adopt European culture (France)

The Scramble for Africa

Cairo, Egypt Benjamin Disraeli, British Prime minister acquired the Suez Canal for Britain as partial payment for Egypt’s debt

The “Opening” of Africa Dr. David Livingstone - Scottish missionary doctor; explored the African interior wanted to abolish the slave trade and convert the natives to Christianity Henry Stanley - reporter ; searched for Livingstone & spread word of Livingstone’s discoveries; King Leopold of Belgium hired Stanley to carve out a kingdom for him in Africa - Belgian Congo European exploration of interior European competition for ….

Stanley Greets Livingstone “Doctor Livingstone, I presume?” Africa

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo Leopold IIarea staked out by Henry Stanley for Leopold II - personal kingdom rubber ivoryimportant source of rubber and ivory harshest treatment of nativesviewed as the harshest treatment of natives Berlin ConferenceInspired the Berlin Conference End of 19th century - taken over by Belgian gov’t directly

The Berlin Conference Bismarck hosted in Berlin, capital of German Empire European countries agreed on plan for the division of Africa among the European states countries had to notify one another of claims & occupy claimed territory with troops native wishes were not considered

Boundaries of present day Africa were largely decided by Europeans at the Berlin Conference of 1885

Imperialism in Asia

Other countries are interested in getting a piece of the Chinese trade Open Door PolicyU.S. encourages the adoption of the Open Door Policy all countries have equal access to trade in all regions of China increasing unrest among the Chinese leads to the anti western “Boxer Rebellion”

1898

French Indochina….. Cambodia, Laos & Viet NamModern day Cambodia, Laos & Viet Nam French colonial possession until 1954 Ho Chih MinhHo Chih Minh helped the Allies against Japan in World War II but was not allowed to create an independent Indochina when the war was over… US taking place of FranceU.S. fear of spread of communism resulted in US taking place of France in controlling govt. – supported a dictatorship in Viet Nam to keep it from becoming communist

U.S. Imperialism 19 th century Monroe Doctrine1822- Monroe Doctrine - Europe, stay out of Western Hemisphere! - US gains economic influence in S.A. Manifest DestinyWestward movement: “Manifest Destiny” Mexican -American War Gold rushes… AlaskaAlaska (1867) HawaiiHawaii...(1898) Spanish American War – ( ) Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, GuamU.S. gets Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam

Problems among native populations in colonial regions... Loss of traditional culture Loss of traditional leadership Used as forced labor Tribal groups divided by artificial borders Conflicts among traditional enemies in same colony Population decline due to loss of food sources Depletion of natural resources; Sources of wealth controlled by imperialist country