Mrs. Ray’s TAG Language Arts Class GRAMMARLAND

Nouns Noun-a word or word group used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. Types of nouns:  People-Alyce Walker, Dr. Lacy, women, team  Places-forest, town, Canada, Grand Rapids  Things-jewelry, rain, pets, Eiffel Tower  Ideas-fairness, care, loyalty, idealism

Compound Nouns Compound nouns-made up of 2 or more words used together as a single noun.  One word-basketball, filmmaker, drugstore, doghouse  Separate words-fire drill, chain reaction, Thomas A. Edison  Hyphenated word-self-control, mother-in-law, out-of-doors Common Nouns-name any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas. Proper Nouns-names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Concrete Nouns-name a person, place, thing, or idea that can be perceived by the senses. Abstract Nouns-name an idea, feeling, quality, or characteristic

Nouns Common Nouns poemcountryathleteship Proper Nouns“The Raven”SpainMark IngramThe Queen Mary Concrete Nouns teacheroceanNick Sabanpopcorn Abstract Nouns knowledgelovehumorbeauty

Collective Noun-A word that names a group. Person-choruscrew Animal-flocklitter Thing-batchcluster

Pronouns Pronouns are used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns. Antecedent-the word that a pronoun stands for. EX: Elena read the book and returned it to the library. EX: The models bought themselves new shoes.

Personal Pronouns Personal pronoun-refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person). First person-I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours Second person-you, your yours Third person-he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

Reflexive or Intensive Pronouns Reflexive pronoun-refers to the subject and functions as a compliment or obj. of preposition (required for the sentence to make sense). The rescuers didn’t consider themselves heroes. (DO) She is herself again. (Predicate Nominative) I don’t feel like myself. (objective of preposition) Intensive pronoun-emphasizes a noun or other pronoun (not required for the sentence to make sense or for the sentence to mean the same thing). Amelia designed the costumes herself. I myself sold more than fifty tickets.

Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns point out a person, place, thing or idea.  This  That  These  Those Interrogative pronouns introduce a question. What, which, who, whom, whose

Relative and Indefinite Pronouns Relative pronouns introduce adjective clauses.  That, which, who, whom, whose Indefinite pronouns refer to a person, place, thing, or idea that my not be specifically named. Examples: all, another, both, each, few, many, most, much, neither, nobody, other, several.

Adjectives An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or pronoun. Modify=make the meaning more definite. (What kind, which one, how much, or how many.) The only part of speech that can come right in front of the noun and can also be at the end of a sentence. Ex: The girl is pretty. The pretty girl is also very nice. A predicate adjective is an adjective in the predicate following a linking verb. Articles VS. Demonstrative adjectives Articles=a, an, the (A and an are indefinite b/cause they refer to any member of a general group whereas the refers to a specific item or person.) Demonstrative adjective=this, that, these, those EX: This teacher loves chocolate.

Adverb An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.  Where=here, there, nearby  When=promptly, then, later  How=suddenly, carefully  To what extent=quite, scarcely ADVERBS modifying verbs-EX: Many students did not understand the directions. ADVERBS modifying adjectives-EX: The team is extremely proud of its record. ADVERBS modifying adverbs-EX: Our guest left quite abruptly.

Prepositions A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun (the object of the preposition) to another word in a sentence. Any way to describe a box-on a box, behind a box, under a box, around a box. Examples-aboard, around, above, across, after, among, at, before, below, beneath, by, down, for, in, until, with, without.

Prepositional Phrase A prepositional phrase contains a preposition, an object of the preposition, and any adjectives to modify. EX: The teacher read a book to the class. Preposition or adverb?? Some similar words, just different uses. EX: Please go inside soon. (adverb) EX: Please go inside the house soon. (preposition)

Conjunctions A conjunction is a word used to join other words or groups of words. Coordinating conjunctions-and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet (FANBOYS) Correlative conjunctions-pairs of conjunctions- both…and, either….or, neither….nor, not only….but also.

Interjections An interjection is a word used to express emotion. Oh! Wow! Yes! Sometimes they are followed by commas. EX: Yes, we would like to come to your party.

Verbs Verbs are words used to describe action or a state of being. Action-runs, walks, talks EX: She talks too much in class. State of being-is, am, are, was, were, any form of be EX: She is a nice, polite student.

Verbs Forms of beambebeingwas arebeeniswere Other linking Verbs appeargrowseemstay becomelooksmelltaste feelremainsoundturn

Transitive Verbs A transitive verb is an action verb that expresses an action directed toward a person, place, thing, or idea. This is what we call a direct object (DO). You may have an action verb that does not have a direct object in the sentence. This would make it intransitive! EX: Joel held the baby. (Held=action verb/baby=direct object.) TRANSITIVE! EX: The twins played quietly all day. (Play=action verb/no DO.) INTRANSITIVE!

Intransitive Verbs An intransitive verb is a verb that is either a linking verb (ALL LINKING VERBS are intransitive!) or an action verb that does not have a direct object in the sentence. EX: Your roller skates are in the attic. (linking verb) EX: Janet swam well in the competition. (action verb/no DO) Thanks for coming to Grammarland!