A Map of the Known World, pre Flat World idea is a myth!

Motives for European Exploration 1.Crusades and later Ottoman invasion  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. 2.Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3.Reformation  refugees & missionaries. 4.Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. 5.Technological advances. 6.Fame and fortune.

New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps [Portulan] Sextant Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons Technology

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

Portuguese Maritime Empire 1.Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2.Bartolomeo Dias, Vasco da Gama, Calicut.

Christopher Columbus [ ]

Horrible History: Christopher Columbus 3a6schttp:// 3a6sc

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Realization of a “New World” “In passed days I wrote very fully to you of my return from new countries, which have been found and explored with the ships, at the cost and by the command of this Most Serene King of Portugal; and it is lawful to call it a new world, because none of these countries were known to our ancestors and all who hear about them they will be entirely new. For the opinion of the ancients was, that the greater part of the world beyond the equinoctial line to the south was not land, but only sea, which they have called the Atlantic; and even if they have affirmed that any continent is there, they have given many reasons for denying it is inhabited. But this opinion is false, and entirely opposed to the truth. My last voyage has proved it, for I have found a continent in that southern part; full of animals and more populous than our Europe, or Asia, or Africa, and even more temperate and pleasant than any other region known to us.” -Amerigo Vespucci, 1503

Other Voyages of Exploration

Crash Course, 15 th and 16 th century mariners ridoQ

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

Maya

Aztec

Inca

Horrible Histories: Incas 5_OlQhttp:// 5_OlQ

Hernan Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

How was conquest achieved? Disease Technology/warfare strategies Alliances End of the world predicted and initial friendly welcome. Accidental conqueror theory: Jared Diamond

How was conquest achieved? Disease: small pox, 2/3 dead Europeans domesticated and lived among their animals. Chickens: influenza, horses: smallpox

Technology

Division among the people

End of the world predicted

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Francisco Pizarro Other Spanish Conquests: The Incas (1533) Atahualpa vs.

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

European Empires in the Americas

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

Lets play… New World or Old World! Ready?

Tomato: New World or Old World? New world! Europeans resisted eating them at first for fear that they were poisonous!

Pigs: New World or Old World? Old world! Pigs were first brought to South America in the 16 th century, but Brazil now has the world’s third highest pig population!

Potato: New World or Old World? New world! They became one of the most important foods in Europe after their import!

Coffee: New World or Old World? Old World! Originally from Africa, Coffee was not brought to the new world since the 17 th century.

Sugar Cane: New World or Old World? Old World! Originally from Asia, sugar was brought to the new world in the 18 th century.

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

The Powerful Potato But maybe most important was the potato which fed ½ the people in Europe allowing population to grow and states to stabilize. However when using Chinese slaves to collect guano off of Peru for fertilizer they brought over the potato blight which causes devastation. Example: Still fewer people in Ireland today than before the famine which struck in 1845.

Treasures from the Americas!

The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans, but was very different. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in ,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries in the 16 th century Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

How The Slave Trade Differed in Africa and the New World 1.Generally, in Africa, slavery was more like a form of peasantry- slaves paid tribute to the owners in goods and services 2.Children of slaves not considered property of the slave owner 3.In some cases, possibility of social advancement 4.Not race-based

Why not use native Americans? Latin Americans had not made good slaves as they were dying from disease and escaping. Also some laws passed from Catholic monarchs that slavery was immoral except in the case of Africans. Africans had immunities to malaria that had built up over the years of exposure.

Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542, ignored and led to more African slavery

Religious Justification for Slavery The introduction of Islam in Africa led to an increase in slavery and the slave trade Muslim belief that prisoners of war could be captured and enslaved Complex Christian views on slavery Written about in the Bible The Catholic Church first allowed slavery of non-Christians, then declared it sinful in the 16 th century.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

Slave Ship An average of 15% of captured people died on the voyage, up to 33%

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

Church was complicit in oppression and conquering lands

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

New Colonial Rivals 1.Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2.Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3.First English expedition to the Indies in Surat in NW India in (EEIC) 4.Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease and slavery. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”] 4.Deepened colonial rivalries and belief in mercantilism.

5. New Patterns of World Trade

The Slave Trade from one Black American’s perspective: H.L. Gates yTDqshttp:// yTDqs