Developing Student Researchers Part 4 Dr. Gene and Ms. Tarfa Al- Naimi Research Skills Development Unit Education Institute

Research Skills Development Unit Enquiry Cycle 1. Getting Ideas and Motivating Students 3. Collecting and Analyzing 2. Defining and Shaping Ideas 4. Reporting and Sharing Ideas

Research Skills Development Unit The goal of this session: To know the resource of qualitative data and quantitative data To know how to analyze quantitative and qualitative data To know how to report research To know different type of reports

Research Skills Development Unit Qualitative Data Information in the form of words rather than numbers.

Research Skills Development Unit Sources of Qualitative Data Information are collected from Video. Audio recording Field observation Reports. interviews survey comments historical records photos, paintings, songs

Research Skills Development Unit Types of Qualitative Data Structured text, (writings, stories, survey comments, news articles, books etc) Unstructured text (transcription, interviews, focus groups, conversation) Audio recordings, as above, music Visual displays, as above (graphics, art, pictures, video)

Research Skills Development Unit Quantitative data analysis

Research Skills Development Unit So now you have collected your raw data,. How do you go from piles of raw data to summaries that can help you analyze your data and support your conclusions? Tally Chart: a table that uses tally marks to record data, it shows you how many time each value occurred

Research Skills Development Unit Favorite School Lunches Hamburger Pizza Salad Hotdog

Research Skills Development Unit Two types of descriptive statistics that are generally most useful: summaries that calculate the "middle" or "average" of your data; these are called measures of central tendency, and summaries that indicate the "spread" of the raw measurements around the average, called measures of dispersion.

Research Skills Development Unit Measures of Central Tendency Mean: The mean is the arithmetic average. Median: The median is the middle value. Mode: The mode is the value that occurs most often.

Research Skills Development Unit Example: Number of people living in each of nine three bed-room houses: Mean= = 36/9=4 Median comes halfway between 1and 7. Values in ascending order: So the median = 5 The mode is the value that occurs most often. So the mode = 5

Research Skills Development Unit Symmetric Data and Skewed Data

Research Skills Development Unit Mean, Median, or Mode: Which Measure Should I Use? What are you trying to describe? What does your data look like?

Research Skills Development Unit

Mode: This measure of central tendency is the only one appropriate for nominal data. Example: What is your favorite football team? Alsaad - Alrayaan - Aletihad

Research Skills Development Unit Mode:

Research Skills Development Unit Median:

Research Skills Development Unit Mean: Used when data is Symmetric.

Research Skills Development Unit Mean:

Research Skills Development Unit Measures of Dispersion: Variance and Standard Deviation Another important type of quantitative analysis is to look at how measurements "spread out." For example, if a research group took a test, did everyone get scores that are bunched up near the middle or average of the group, or did some people get really high or really low scores, making the distribution more spread out? We call this "spreading out" of scores variability.

Research Skills Development Unit Variance and Standard Deviation There are two common measures of variability – variance and standard deviation. There are formulas for calculating these statistics. Computer programs can be used to do the calculations quickly and easily..

Research Skills Development Unit Normal Curve A normal distribution is a very important statistical data distribution pattern occurring in many natural phenomena, such as height, blood pressure, lengths of objects produced by machines, etc. Certain data, when graphed as a histogram (data on the horizontal axis, amount of data on the vertical axis), creates a bell-shaped curve known as a normal curve, or normal distribution.

Research Skills Development Unit Standard Deviation The rule states Approximately 68% of the values will lie within one standard deviation of the mean Approximately 95% of the values will lie within two standard deviations of the mean Approximately 99.7% of the values will lie within three standard deviations of the mean

Research Skills Development Unit Example: Two groups (A and B) of students took the same test. The test was out of 20 The average for group A was 12 and the standard deviation 1 The average for group B was also 12 but the standard deviation was 2 Are they the same ?!

Research Skills Development Unit 95.5% of Students in Group A are between 10 and 14 While 95.5% of Students in Group B are between 8 and 16

Research Skills Development Unit Let’s Practice

Research Skills Development Unit Reporting Research What should the report include? How should the information be reported?

Research Skills Development Unit Contents of a Research Report Title (the title of the research). Introduction (background information). Review of literature (what others have done). Aims and purposes (what I intend to do). Methods and materials (how I will do it). Results (findings; what I found out). Discussion and conclusions (what does it all mean) References (list of sources I consulted).

Research Skills Development Unit Contents of a Research Report Adjust the contents to suite the age/grade level For young children, simply the contents Title Purpose Method Findings Discussion For older children, require complete contents

Research Skills Development Unit Research Report Writing Frame See Lesson 12, Reporting Research, for a Research Report Writing Frame Use as a guide to students Gives them a structure to follow

Research Skills Development Unit Methods of Reporting Research Traditional, formal written report Advantages: Prepares students for university Teaches scholarship and discipline Teaches reading and writing skills Disadvantages: Students may lack language skills May appear dull and boring to students ??

Research Skills Development Unit Methods of Reporting Research Multimedia Report (includes text, photos, music, audio, video) Advantages: More interesting and engaging for some students Less dependent on language (good for ESL students) Increases the ways to “tell the story” Disadvantages: Students must learn how to use the multimedia tools May not be as thorough as a written report

Research Skills Development Unit Alternative Ways of Reporting Research Oral presentation with PPT Create a Website Write an article for a local newspaper Write and present a play Stage an exhibition Design a portfolio

Research Skills Development Unit Digital Tools for Sharing and Communicating Writing research reports online Photo presentations Video presentations Audio presentations Bogs and Websites

Research Skills Development Unit Writing a research report online Google Docs Arabic and English!

Research Skills Development Unit Photo presentations MS Photo Story 3 for Windows

Research Skills Development Unit Photo presentations Slidesharewww.slideshare.net

Research Skills Development Unit Video presentations ChewTVwww.chewtv.com

Research Skills Development Unit Video presentations Windows Movie Maker 2.1

Research Skills Development Unit Video presentations Animotohttp://education.animoto.com

Research Skills Development Unit Audio editing and presenting Audacityhttp://audacity.sourceforge.net

Research Skills Development Unit Audio Podcasts

Research Skills Development Unit Blogs and Websites Tumblrwww.tumblr.com

Research Skills Development Unit Blogs and Websites Bloggerwww.blogger.com

Research Skills Development Unit Blogs and Websites Piczowww.piczo.com

Research Skills Development Unit Thank you for listening! If you have questions about research or need additional information, feel free to contact us. Dr. Gene Office Phone: Mobile: Tarfa Office Pone: 456-0l69