Lakes, Rivers, Streams, and Groundwater

Aquifers/ groundwater Principal Watershed Components Lakes Rivers/Streams Swamps/Wetlands Soils Lakes Rivers/Streams Swamps/Wetlands Soils

Hydrologic Connections

The Florida Example

Precambian4.5 Bya to 500 Mya Paleozoic500 Mya to 248 Mya Mesozoic248 Mya to 65 Mya Cenozoic65 Mya to present Geologic Time Line (Earth formation, cooling, oceans, atmosphere, life, oxygen)

Approximately 250 million years ago

Rifting phase Mya Breakup of Pangaea Late Triassic, early Jurassic

Approximately million years ago Flooded, stable platform for marine sedimentation FL platform/plateau For the next several million years the platform was dominated by carbonate deposition Late Jurassic High Sea Levels

Carbonate Deposition Marine Calcium and Magnesium Carbonate CaCO 3 MgCO 3

Florida platform was a flooded, submarine plateau dominated by carbonate deposition FL platform CaCO 3 Between about 150 Mya and 25 Mya

Raised above earth’s crust Dominated by carbonates Formed over millions of years Gently sloping The Florida Platform

Cenozoic Era Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pliestocene MYA MYA MYA MYA MY – 10KYA carbonates Before Miocene

Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pliestocene MYA MYA MYA MYA MY – 10KYA Suwannee Current Georgia Channel

Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pliestocene MYA MYA MYA MYA MY – 10KYA Events: Lifting of the Florida Platform Lowering of Sea Levels, diversion of the Gulf Stream, interruption of Suwannee Current Rejuvenation of Appalachians, increased sediment load Filling of Georgia Channel Rising sea levels, lack of Suwannee Current Continental depositional influence on Fl. platform

Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Pliocene Pliestocene MYA MYA MYA MYA MY – 10KYA Suwannee Current Georgia Channel sediments

Siliciclastic Deposition silici- refers to a chemical composition rich in silicate material clastic-refers to the origin of the particles as clasts, products or fragments of silicate rocks. Typical earth materials Silicon-based sands, silts, clays, rocks, rock fragments

Sands Limestone sands, silts, clays, rock 25 to 5 Mya Miocene deposits are siliciclastic: sands, silts, clays, rocks

Megalodon #MG1 Locality: Hawthorne Formation, South Carolina Age:Miocene Size: 6 inches exactly Virtually flawless museum grade specimen. Perfect serrations, black and gray mottling Price: $ SOLD Miocene sediments are marine sediments

In Gainesville, Miocene clays tend to be fairly thick and, in many cases, close to the surface

Alfred A. Ring Park 1801 NW 23rd Boulevard—parking at Elks Lodge

The thickness of and depth to Miocene sediments varies Up to 40% phosphorus ft thick in the North-central part of state Also contains uranium

Thin or absent 30 – 200 ft sandy 30 – 200 ft clayey > 200 ft thick Alachua County Sediment Thickness Thinning Miocene Sediments Jurassic To Miocene The thickness of the Miocene sediments has A direct bearing on the formation of springs and sinkholes

Carbonate Dissolution Acid (H + ) dissolves calcium carbonate

Marine Carbonates Miocene Siliciclastics

Limestone Cavities Directly underlies Miocene deposits

Miocene Siliciclastics

Sinkholes

Solution (sinkhole) lakes The most common origin of lake formation in Florida Limestone bedrock is dissolved by acids Land subsidence into dissolved limestone cavity creates depressions filled with water

Sinkhole Lakes Lakes are hydrologically connected to each other And with the underlying aquifer system

Springs Springs form best when the overlying clay layer is thin.

Calcareous streams originate from springs colder temperatures clear water rich in calcium and phosphorus Santa Fe Ichetucknee Weeki Wachee Direct hydrologic connection with the carbonate aquifer

Hydrologic Connections