PRESENTED BY: TOMMY CARPENTER COMPUTER SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO

Outline The grid has real problems that smart grids can solve These problems are intrinsic and difficult so progress has been slow Three areas where changes are imminent are solar, storage, and sensing examples of our work in these areas

The Grid

…is old Post-war infrastructure is reachig EOL

…inefficient US DOE:

…poorly measured

…poorly controlled Electrons are not addressable RealityPerception

…dirty (mostly)

…without storage (mostly) Needed capacity

Smart grid

Current grid Renewables/low carbon Storage rich Sensing rich Control rich Efficient Decentralized High carbon footprint Little to no storage Poorly measured Poorly controlled Inefficient Centralized Smart grid

…but Consumers & Utilities lack incentives Savings of 10%: $5-10/month Utilities make $$ regardless

hence slow progress: -Demand response: only time of use pricing -Grid storage: tiny -Smart buildings and homes: demo stage -Microgrids: rare -Electric vehicles: early mainstream -Security and privacy: mostly missing

Three inflection points Solar Storage Sensing (and control)

Storage research, investment growth Global investment to reach $122 Billion by 2021 – Pike Research LiON Declining. $600 down to <$200 Largest change: EVs Some grid storage

Sensing & Control Michigan Micro Mote Home Grid Pervasive

Our Contributions

GRID Renewable Source Electrons Storage Transmission line Transmission network Distribution network Demand response INTERNET =Variable bit-rate source =Bits =Buffer =Communication link =Tier 1 ISP =Tier 2/3 ISP =Congestion control Insight: Grid-Net Isomorphism

SSS: Solar, Storage, Sensing

Sensing: auto thermal comfort (Spotlite) -Uses ML to learn comfort levels, occupancy patterns -Pre-heat prior to occupancy periods, lower heat afterwards -Cooling

Sensing: preserving data privacy App VEE API App Store Gateway Host -Certification and Validation -Data collection -Data access control -Application framework -High density hosting -Integrating cloud storage Each user’s data is stored and processed (by apps) in user- owned virtual execution environments, enabling: Data ownership Data privacy Data applications

Sensing + Storage: distributed charging 1 EV = 5 homes Creates hotspots Real-time AIMD control of EV charging rate Solution is both fair and efficient - Goal: fairly allocate resources during congestion periods - Our work: distributed, model free and real time via congestion signals - Prior work: centralized, perfect network knowledge, day ahead,

Solar + Storage: Solar EV Charging -Base case (no solar): try meeting all charging deadlines - If infeasible; perform fair allocation -Integrate solar to reduce emissions while ensuring same (or greater) utility

Solar + Storage: ROI, EROEI of Solar Systems w/ Storage -Advanced modeling of stochastic inputs, comprehensive battery model

Storage: EV ecosystem & adoption modeling

Storage: EV Sentiment Analysis EV Ops gauged using: -Field Trials: Expensive = usually short, not many participants -Surveys: Hard to target -But lots of opinions buried in discussion forums!

Storage: EV Sentiment Analysis

Storage (EVs): Vehicle Access networks for EV owners - Range Anxiety: long trips not possible yet. Prohibitive to owners without another car. - EV owners sometimes need access to ICEVs - Solution: operate some form of multi pool network (a carshare) - Can be integrated into dealership, operated by gov, community nonprofit, etc. - Regardless of business model, sizing/managing the fleet is hard

Storage (EVs): Vehicle Access networks for EV owners Challenge: Ensure maintained over time Demand patterns constantly changing, non-stationary, arbitrary

Sensing + storage + solar: WeBike -A fleet of ebikes on campus -Tons of sensors, data collection -Bikes now being deployed!

Why study eBikes?

Conclusions - We are networking and smart grid researchers exploiting similarities between the net and grid - Currently working in 3 main areas: -Solar -Storage (EVs) -Sensing/Control

Extra Slides

Sensing: TOU pricing analysis Current

Sensing: TOU pricing analysis Current

Sensing: TOU pricing analysis Current Proposed

Solar + Storage: Cost-Efficient Energy Storage

Source: European technology platform: Smart Grids Smart grid vision