Decolonization Ch 34

India Section 1

Congress Party Who: Hindus & Muslims What: India’s national political party Where: India When: 1940s Why: India had 350mill Hindus & 150 mill Muslims; most of Congress party were Hindu, but some Muslim; advocated for independence against GB & fought for Indian interests

Mohandas Gandhi Who: leader of the Congress party What: launched the 1 st nonviolent campaign for independence Where: India When: 1920s Why: his ideas inspired Indians of all ethnic, religious backgrounds to achieve independence; he puts the thoughts of independence in Indians’ heads; a Hindu who doesn’t like his peacefulness b.n Hindus & Muslims extremist assassinated him in 1948

1. What were the major concerns of the Muslim league? They thought that the mainly Hindu Congress party looked out primarily for Hindu interests, not Muslim interests Wanted to ensure a safe & secure region for Muslims

Muslim League Who: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Indian Muslims What: an organization founded to help protect Muslim interests; rival group to the Congress party When: 1906 Where: India Why: they felt the Congress party only looked out for the Hindus; they stated they would never accept independence if it meant rule by the Hindu-dominated Congress party

2. What problems had to be resolved in the months prior to independence? Division of India- who should be in power? How should we divide the land? Where would ppl go and how would the gov’t be run?

Partition Who: British officials, Muslims & Hindus What: the term given to the division of India into 2 separate Hindu and Muslim nations Where: India & Pakistan When: 1946 Why: British officials were convinced that partition was the only way to ensure a safe region; the NW & Eastern regions of India where most Muslims lived = Pakistan

3. What were the terms of the cease fire? 1/3 of Kashmir under Pakistan control & the rest under Indian control

4. How did Nehru contribute to India’s modernization? He led new independent nations in neutral alliances He industrialized Pushed for social reform Expanded human & women’s rights

Jawaharlal Nehru Who: Prime Minister What: the independent nation of India’s first Prime Minister Where: India When: Why: he was one of Gandhi’s devoted followers; he led other newly independent nations of the world in following an alliance of countries that were neutral in the Cold War; he pushed for industrialization & sponsored social reforms; he tried to elevate the lower castes; his death left the Congress party w. no strong leader= divisions in India

5. What events led to the creation of Bangladesh? E. Pakistan was hit by huge tidal wave W. Pakistan didn’t transfer aid quickly enough Demonstrations broke out- Civil war in Pakistan 2 separate nations

6. What major problem did Indira Gandhi face? Disarming the Tamil rebels Challenges from Sikh extremists that wanted to be an independent state

Indira Gandhi Who: Nehru’s daughter, Prime minister What: took control of India after her father died Where: India When: Why: she faced many threats from Sikh extremists & other political factions throughout India; sent Indian troops to overrun Golden Temple= killed 500 sikhs & destroyed sacred property = assassinated by Sikhs in 1984

7. What was the cause of turmoil in Sri Lanka? Group of militant Tamils fought for their own country of Tamil

Benizir Bhutto Who: Bhutto’s daughter; Prime minister What: took over Pakistan after her father was executed Where: Pakistan When: 1970s Why: she was removed from office by a military coup = the military rules Pakistan = continues to struggle w. challenges from Muslim militants & ongoing disputes w. India

Southeast Asia Section 2

Bell Act Who: Americans & Filipinos What: established free trade b.n US & the Philippines Where: Philippines When: 1960s Why: this est. & had to be passed b4 the US would pay the $620million in war damages it promised to the Philippines; Filipinos were worried that this would allow US to exploit their resources- but they passed it anyway

a. Why did the Filipinos object to this act? Filipinos were worried that this would allow US to exploit their resources

b. Why did they agree to sign it? To have free trade w. the US & get the $$ the US promised them

Why did the US demand a long lease on it’s military and naval bases in the Philippines? To maintain military presence in Asia w. the start of the Cold War To get valuable resources

Ferdinand Marcos Who: President of the Philippines What: President who imposed an authoritarian regime & stole billions of $$ from Philippines Where: Philippines When: Why: stoles millions of $$ from public treasury; limited to 8 years of presidential office but imposed a law to keep power; an election brought Corazon Aquino who challenged him- he refused to acknowledge her victory = the public overthrew him =he fled to Hawaii & died

3. Why does the Philippines restrict the Pres. To a single term? To prevent the abuse of power that occurred under Marcos’ rule

Corazon Aquino Who: Benigno Aquino’s widow, opponent to Marcos What: challenged Marcos to presidency of Philippines & won Where: Philippines When: 1986 Why: she won the presidency decisively- Marcos refused to acknowledge it- he made a law to stay in power = ppl were mad = kicked him out & made her president; promised a more open & democratic form of gov’t; ratified a new constitution; ended the lease on US bases thru negotiation

4 A. What role did General Ne Win play in Burmese history? Set up a military gov’t w. a goal to make a socialist state

4B. What role did National League for Democracy play in Burmese history? They won 80% of the seats in the 1990 election- but the military gov’t denies it = the military gov’t stayed in charge in Burma

Aung San Suu Kyi Who: daughter of Aung San, leader of National League for Democracy What: was active in Nat’l League for Democracy When: Where: Burma, Southeast Asia Why: for her pro-Democracy activities she was put on house arrest 2 separate times = left many Burmese residents doubting whether their country will ever accept democracy; military gov’t remained

5A. What’s the current political status of Singapore? Independent city-state

5B. What’s the current political status of Malaya? Sarawak & Sabah? United into a federation of what’s called “Malaysia”

Sukarno Who: Indonesian President What: led the effort to establishing an independent Indonesia Where: Indonesia When: 1949 Why: he proclaimed Indonesia’s independence from Netherlands & named himself president; a guerilla army backed him up; the Dutch attempted to regain control but after losing support of the US the Dutch gave Indonesia it’s independence

Suharto Who: General Suharto What: sought power for himself, began a bloodbath in which 500,000 to 1 mill Indonesians were killed Where: Indonesia When: Why: named President in 1967; turned Indonesia into a police state; heavily criticized; little tolerance for religious freedoms; bribery & corruption- commonplace; economy improved for awhile BUT gov’t repression & economic crisis = forced him to step down= then they moved towards Democracy

6. What factors finally forced Suharto to step down? Growing unrest over both Gov’t repression & a crippling Economic crisis

Negritude Movement Who: Africans & W. Indians What: a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, & values Where: Africa When: s Why: the Africans pushed for independence in the decades b4 WWII; French speaking Africans & W. Indians began to express their growing sense of black consciousness & pride in traditional African; when WWII broke out African soldiers fought w. Europeans = after the war, they were unwilling to accept colonial domination

1. Ghana Tactics used by Nkrumah: organized strikes & boycotts Nkrumah’s reforms: new roads, schools, & expanded health facilities; Industrialization Problems: spending too much time on African efforts & the expense of his programs undermined the economy

Kwame Nkrumah Who: Ghana’s first Prime minister & president for life What: leader of Ghana’s nonviolent movement for freedom Where: Ghana, West Africa When: Why: He worked to liberate Ghana from the British; he organized strokes & boycotts = ultimately, they got independence; he became leader of Ghana; pushed for new roads, schools, health facilities, industrialized & gave welfare = his programs were too $$ = crippled Ghana’s economy= the army & police took control & kicked him out of power

2. Kenya Tactics used by Mau Mau: Guerilla warfare Kenyatta’s reforms: unite countries of various ethnic & language groups Problems: killed hundreds & left 1000s homeless; corruption & ethnic conflicts

Jomo Kenyatta Who: African revolutionary; Kenyan Nationalist & president What: promoted his beliefs & was put in jail Where: Kenya, Africa When: Why: got independence for Kenya; became president; united many ethnic groups; after he died- no one was as successful at governing the country

3. Zaire How independence was gained: Belgium gave it to them & then Mobutu seized power Mobutu’s rule: maintained control through force; 1 party rule; gifts to supporters; overthrown Problems: overthrown by a rebel leader; constant civil wars; promise of Democracy never fulfilled

4. Algeria How was independence gained: Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) sent ½ mill soldiers to fight against French colonists Ben Bella’s programs: attempted to make a socialist state Problems: overthrown by his army commander; unemployment; dissatisfaction w. the govt

Ahmed Ben Bella Who: leader of FLN & president of Algeria What: became first president of newly independent Algeria Where: Algeria, Africa When: Why: He attempted to make Algeria a socialist state; overthrown in 1965 by his military commander

5. Angola How independence was gained: fighting & an independence movement against Portugal Causes of Civil war: Communist- Leaning MPLA declared itself the new nation’s rightful govt = rebel groups fought for power = civil war Other problems: various rebel groups fought for power; abandoned case-fire agreements = continued war

Middle East Section 4

1. Britain issues the Balfour declaration Causes: Sir Arthur Balfour promoted the idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine Effects: hostility between Palestinians & Jews continued to grow

2. Independent Israel is created Causes: The UN voted for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian state & a Jewish state Effects: the new nation of Israel got a hostile greeting from it’s neighbors- the day after it proclaimed itself a state- six Islamic states ( Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, & Syria) invaded Israel = Arab-Israeli war

3. The 1956 Arab-Israeli war breaks out Causes: Israel became an independent nation & 6 Islamic states invaded; Israel claimed lands that Arabs felt should have exclusively been Arab Effects: 1956 Suez crisis occurred which led to Israel & Europe withdrawing from Egypt; the expansion of Israeli boundaries

day war began Causes: Arabs were about to attack w. Soviet help; Israelis were convinced the Arabs were about to attack so they struck airfields in surrounding Islamic countries Effects: Israel defeated Arabs & Arabs lost ppl

Anwar Sadat Who: Egyptian president What: planned a joint Arab attack on Yom Kippur (Jewish holiday) Where: Egypt When: 1973 Why: the Israelis were caught by surprise; Arab forces inflicted heavy casualties and recaptured some of their territory lost in 1967; both sides agreed to a truce several weeks after fighting; 1977-he stunned the world by extending a hand to Israel- the first Arab country to do so =historic opportunity for peace; signed the Camp David Accords= ended 30 years of hostility

Golda Meir Who: Israel’s prime minister What: launched a counter attack against Egypt (Arabs, Anwar Sadat) in the Yom Kippur War Where: Israel When: 1967 Why: he regained territory they had lost to Egpyt; agreed to a truce w. Anwar Sadat

5. The 1973 Yom Kippur war begins Causes: conflicts b.n Arabs & Jewish Israel Effects: Israel regained territory it had lost previously; Egypt & Israel signed a truce

PLO Who: Palestinians What: Palestine Liberation Organization Where: Palestine When: 1964 Why: this organization pushed for the formation of a Palestinian state; made up of different groups- guerilla fighters, laborers, teachers, etc. ; guerillas took over the organization and said the only way to get what they wanted was through armed struggle

Yasir Arafat Who: chairman of PLO What: his group carried out numerous attacks against Israel in order to form their own Palestinian state Where: Israel & Palestine When: 1960s, 1970s Why: his attacks on Israel & Arabs gave Palestine it’s own state

6. Sadat & Begin sign the Camp David Accords Causes: Arabs wanted permission to nuke Israel; Israel wanted Egypt to recognize them as their own independent state Effects: ended 30 years of hostilities b.n Egypt & Israel and became the first signed agreement b.n Israel & an Arab country

Camp David Accords Who: Jimmy Carter, Sadat, & Begin What: a signed agreement Where: Camp David, USA When: Why: ended 30 years of hostilities b.n Egypt & Israel and became the first signed agreement b.n Israel & an Arab country