Svetlana Pasti, University of Tampere International Conference Matters of Journalism: Understanding Professional Challenges and Dilemmas, Gdansk 2012,

2 Unionization: Disconnected Ways Pre-Soviet period: the 1880s – 1917: Rise of Independent Unions Soviet period: : Arm of the State Post-Soviet period: 1992 –: Mix: Independent/Self-Asserting Latent Arm of State or State &Capital Arm of the State (Media Union)

3 Pre-Soviet period: Independent 1880s: Rise of capitalism, the rise of the mass-circulation press, its commercialization, movement towards independence, the search for professional models First professional associations: Mutual Aid Fund of printers Union of of Mutual Aid for Russian Writers Russian journalists - in the International Congresses of Journalists; First professional editions

4 Pre-Soviet period: Independent The Tsar’s manifesto (17 October 1905) permitted freedom of speech and professional unions Several journalistic organisations established: Union of Journalists, Book Publishers and Book Printers Union of Defence of Press Freedom (all dailies and many monthly editions of St. Petersburg) Congresses of writers and journalists (1905, 1910, 1917) Agenda: Questions of professional associations and education

5 Soviet period: Arm of State  Private practice is abolished, free status of professions is transferred into state service  1918, 13 November –First Congress of Soviet Journalists, Lenin as Honorary Chairman  1918 first local unions of Soviet journalists - to support the young Soviet state  Later they transformed into sections of the press workers within the state trade unions  Regular Journalists’ Congresses in Moscow with the leaders of the Communist Party

6 Soviet period: Arm of State  1957: Union of Journalists of USSR established with its branches in all republics and regions  1959, November: First Congress of the Union of Journalists  State finances the Union and provides health resorts members of the Union  Paid secretaries lead regional unions  Primary organizations of the Union - in every newspaper, radio and television  Number of members is in 1971

7 Soviet period: Arm of State  Union of Journalists of the USSR - a creative organization aimed at the political and professional education of journalists although without real opportunities to protect journalists  Demands for membership:  High professional skill  Experience of staff work in the media no less than three years  Recommendations from the senior journalists  Membership as recognition of professionalism

8 Post-Soviet period: From the Arm of State to Independence  1992 Union of Journalists of USSR collapsed, Russian Union of Journalists established  In Moscow it kept the premises, but lost State support  Regional unions –Independent from the Central office in Moscow, do not send the member’s fees to it, as before 1994 Congress of the Union accepted Code of Ethics, but it does not work

9 Dilemmas in the Unionization: Membership Decline  %, % Among them:  70% of members live in small city  30% of members – in big city or mid- size city 

10 Decline by Generation Entered the profession Sov., before 1992 Transit., in Post Total Yes, a member 75,633,116,742,1 No, a member of the Media union,8,0,5 Do not see any use in it 6,524,031,820,6 No it has a bad reputation,84,12,32,4 No, it is distant from interests of ordinary journalists 3,812,410,18,7 Other 3,817,429,116,7 No, a member without comments 8,88,310,19,1

11 Aging Age in % Less Yes, a member 13,027,454,178,6 No, a member of the Media union 0,01,10,70,5 Do not see any use in it 36,122,617,04,4 No it has a bad reputation 2,63,21,5 No, it is distant from interests of ordinary journalists 10,913,76,72,9 Other 32,218,410,42,4 Not a member without comments 5,213,79,69,7

12 Factors behind Decline  No primary organization of the Union in the medium Hostile attitude of owners and heads of mediums to independent journalistic organizations and trade unions Gap between the Central Union and regional unions: ‘No professional community of journalists in Russia’ No common rules and norms in the unionization

Post-Soviet Types of Union Independent/Self-Asserting Latent Arm of State Latent Arm of State &Capital Arm of the State (Media Union) 13

Independent Union Very few Hard survival in society: Hostile environment from the officials and business affiliated to the government Hard situation within the union: Conflicting values preventing consolidation Code of Ethics: Dilemma of acceptance Indirect intervention of the government into the union; Prosecutions 14

Latent Arm of State and/or Capital Functionaries of government –in Board of Union Functionaries of government and business in members of the Union Why accepted? “In order not to be eaten up by their own people – journalists” Reply of the head of the union Mechanisms of defense of journalists underdeveloped Most union’s activity: festivals, celebrations of veterans, regular awarding of the important officials and journalists: journalistic awards, medals, orders 15

16 Arm of State  2001: Media Soyuz (Media Union) by the Kremlin initiative in Moscow with its branches in the regions  First President –Aleksander Lybimov, the famous journalist of the TV program Vzglyad  Generous State financing  : educational project ‘Mediacracy’ aimed at young journalists with the support of the All Russian political party Edinaya Rossia (United Russia): 1,000 journalists from 81 regions involved  Performs as a competitor of the present Union of Journalists of Russia in recruiting of new members

17 Attitudes to Trade Union Should journalists have their trade union? Sov., before 1991 Transit Post Total Yes, should69,359,748,157,1 No, this exists8,86,18,87,9 No, this is not needed 3,58,211,18,3 Difficulty in replying18,426,031,926,7

18 Attitudes to Civic Organizations Are You a member of some civic organization? Sov. before 1992 Transit Post Total % Yes,31,714,313,320,0 No68,385,786,780,0

19 Challenges for Future of Union  Post-Soviet types of the Union do not inspire young:  Independent unions - difficulty to survive  Member corruption (officials and business in the journalistic union) make no sense to join  Aging and peripheral: Soviet generation – 76%; Post %, 70% - small cities and 30% - big cities No traditions of strong independent trade unions Young: individualistic, highly mobile, self-interest in the profession A lack of self-reflecting on the profession

20 Insights for optimism  Collaboration of Russian Union of Journalists with the International Federation of Journalists  Learning the union’s experience in the European countries: Barents Press Annual Meetings, visits to abroad  57% of journalists wish their trade union  New possible initiatives from young, freelancers and new media to establish their independent unions  Present Independent Journalistic unions acting together with the human rights NGOs

21 Russian Journalists: Typical Portrait Shifted  1992 – Male, about 40, married, having children, with journalistic education and professional experience about 16 years, devoted to the profession, member in the Union of Journalists  2008 – Female, under 35, married, having children, living in the large city or mid-sized city, from the middle class family, with high education, having a second job, without membership

Svetlana Pasti University of Tampere