Industrial Revolution

Causes Agricultural Revolution(Early 1700s) Improved Fertilizers (e.g., mixing lime and clay into soil) Growing turnips to feed livestock during winter (instead of slaughtering in fall) Seed Drill – invented by Jethro Tull: machine to plant seeds at uniform depth vs. scattering Horse-Drawn Hoe – invented by Tull Food supply increased; fewer farm workers needed

Causes, cont’d Enclosure Movement Wealthy landowners fenced off fields formerly shared by small farmers Population Explosion Better food supply led to population increase (people ate better; women had healthier babies) Greater demand for goods and services

Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves was a weaver living in the village of Stanhill in Lancashire. It is claimed that one day his daughter Jenny, accidentally knocked over over the family spinning wheel. The spindle continued to revolve and it gave Hargreaves the idea that a whole line of spindles could be worked off one wheel. In 1764 Hargreaves built what became known as the Spinning- Jenny. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun from a corresponding set of rovings. By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once. Later, improvements were made that enabled the number to be increased to eighty. The thread that the machine produced was coarse and lacked strength, making it suitable only for the filling of weft, the threads woven across the warp. Hargreaves did not apply for a patent for his Spinning Jenny until 1770 and therefore others copied his ideas without paying him any money. It is estimated that by the time James Hargreaves died in 1778, over 20,000 Spinning-Jenny machines were being used in Britain.James Hargreaves

Spinning Jenny

Causes cont’d Energy Revolution Water Wheels power new machines First Machines produce more than hand tools, but were powered by hand (e.g., Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny (1730s-1760s); application of water power improved production (e.g., spinning mule 1770s) Coal used to fuel steam engine – led to even faster production of goods; eventually steam power used for trains and ships – speeding up transportation of people and goods

Spinning Mule

In 1733, John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle, an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster. The flying shuttle ( marked as letter " I " above) was thrown by a lever that could be operated by one weaver.

Power Loom The invention of power looms at the time of the Industrial Revolution dramatically increased the productivity of the textile industry (early 1800s).

Causes, cont’d New Methods Smelting (early 1700s): process of using coal to separate iron from iron ore Bessemer Process (1850s): process of purifying iron to produce steel (lighter, harder, more durable than iron) Electricity replaced steam (late 1800s) Interchangeable Parts – using uniform, identical components of finished products – simplified assembly and repair

Causes, cont’d New Methods, cont’d Division of Labor – having workers specialize in one task of the assembly of a product – improved speed, consistency, efficiency Assembly Line (early 1900s) – workers added parts to products as they moved along a belt – improved efficiency

Effects Growth of Capitalism – economic system featuring free enterprise: people own and control businesses and resources Laissez-Faire Capitalism led to poor working conditions of 1700s ( hour work days; child labor; unsafe equipment; beatings; etc.) Rapid Urbanization (movement to cities) led to creation of city slums (rundown apartments; garbage/sewage in streets; spread of disease; increase in crime); factories caused air and water pollution

Effects, cont’d Disruption of family life Loss of jobs for weavers and other skilled artisans and craftsmen Growth of the middle class – entrepreneurs who started businesses; merchants who invested in them; inventors Growing gap between “haves” and “have nots”

Effects, cont’d Greater variety of goods – available at lower prices Easier/faster modes of transportation Labor reform: (mid-1800s) – laws to protect workers (e.g., limiting length of day to 10 hours); unions allowed to protect workers Emergence of socialism and communism

Effects, cont’d Deadlier weapons developed (e.g., machine gun); led to catastrophic casualties in future wars Improvements in medicine (e.g., vaccination; pasteurization; antiseptics) led to increased life expectancy (e.g., England: 1850: : 55