Imperialism and Industrialism: A New Age (1800-1914) Unit 3—Modern World History

What inventions and/or innovations seen in your lifetime have affected the way that you live and/or work? Create a list of as many as you can…

The Beginnings of Industrialization Main Idea: The Industrial Revolution started in England and soon spread elsewhere.

Key Themes The Industrial Revolution transforms European and American society and the way people do work Changes in agriculture lay the foundation for the IR Britain is the first nation to experience the IR

Why Great Britain…? Favorable geographic position, climate Agricultural Revolution Enclosures, crop rotations Industrial Revolution Inventions, industries, etc. Extensive natural resources Economic strength Overseas trade, investment in new inventions, banking system, etc. Political stability Laws to protect businesses, factors of production, etc. “Though Britain took part in many wars during the 1700s, none of these struggles occurred on British soil. Furthermore, their military and political successes gave the British a positive attitude,” which would certainly impact the direction of their future (254).

Industrial Revolution Begins Improvements in farming methods in the 1700s boost crop yields Many small farmers lose land, move to the city, and become urban workers Britain possesses ideal conditions for the growth of industry

Inventions Key inventions revolutionize industry during the 1700s and 1800s Textile industry is the first to benefit, with the invention of machines to produce cotton cloth Factories are created to manufacture goods A factory is a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods. Because it is a centralized location, it is easy to bring workers together in this setting.

Transportation expands with the invention of the steam engine and the construction of canals, roads, and railroads Revolution forces rapid change to society…

England’s Railway System

England 1701 and 1911

Industrial Revolution Letter Assume the identity of a British government official during the Industrial Revolution. Write a two-paragraph letter to a government official in a non- industrial nation about how the railroad has changed Britain. An effective letter should… Introduce several changes in British society Be written in a thoughtful, coherent, and engaging manner Give a clear sense of place and time Cheap mode of transportation, created new jobs, boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, encouraged country people to take distant city jobs.

Industrialization Main Idea: The factory system changed the way people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems.

Factory Simulation Exercise Welcome to Mr. Layton’s factory! Today you will participate in an exercise in which you will work within assigned groups to mass-produce quality drawings of famed philosopher Karl Marx. Please listen carefully to the following instructions…

Post-Exercise Discussion Questions What was the primary difference between phase one and phases two/three of the exercise? How did phase three differ from phase two? Was your group more efficient during phase two or phase three of the exercise? How might this simulation be relevant to what we know of the Industrial Revolution?

A Changing Way of Life Industrialization leads to economic growth and urbanization—city building and the movement of people to cities Because they grew quickly, cities were not ideal places to live—overcrowded, dirty, difficult to find good housing, schools, or police protection, etc.

Progress…? Such differences lead to tension between the social classes As the Industrial Revolution changes society, some grow wealthy while others experience hardship Such differences lead to tension between the social classes A new class emerges  wealthy middle class Add: Textile factories produce great wealth for mill owners, while workers and the environment suffer the effects of industrialization.

Social Class Structure Upper—large landowners and aristocrats, resentful of rich middle class Upper middle—entrepreneurs (merchants, factory owners, shippers) Lower middle—factory overseers/skilled workers Lower/working—factory workers, urban poor, etc.

Working Conditions Days are long Factories are seldom well-lit or clean Machines pose a threat to safety of the worker Child labor is a problem

Impact of IR Increased the amount of goods and services a nation could produce and added to its wealth Created jobs for workers and (eventually) raised the standard of living Fostered technological progress and invention

Testimony on Child Labor in Britain Read and annotate the primary source Imagine that you are a child who works in a textile mill. Write a two-paragraph diary entry in which you describe your work life. Leeds—a city in England Flax mill—a textile mill, where clothing is made Doffer—a worker who operates machinery that produces clothing Thronged—crowded, referring to the number of people working in a given area of the factory

What do you think…? Does a government have a responsibility or obligation to assist those who are poor, disabled, and/or sick?

Industrialization Spreads and Leads to an Age of Reform

Continental Europe At first, war and unrest in Europe delay the growth of industry (i.e., French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars) Industrialization would often occur in a given region rather than throughout an entire country, as in Britain’s case Not all countries had the necessary resources or factors of production

Worldwide Impact The Industrial Revolution widens the gap between more-developed and less-developed nations Industrialized countries exploit overseas colonies for resources and markets (basis for imperialism) Over time, standards of living rise in the industrial nations

An Age of Reforms Main Idea: The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms.

Differing Philosophies The Industrial Revolution changes the structure of society, opening up a gap between rich and poor New philosophies emerge regarding the role of the government in an industrialized society

Differing Philosophies Laissez-faire thinkers (Adam Smith) support a free market and oppose government regulation These ideas are the basis for capitalism Other thinkers oppose laissez-faire policies and favor government efforts to improve people’s lives

Rise of Socialism Reformers sought the establishment of a new economic system called socialism In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all Socialists believe the government should actively plan the economy and promote equality between all people

Time to Read… Refer to the handout given to you Quietly read the primary source to yourself Annotate as you read and answer the questions on a separate piece of paper Use a dictionary to determine the meaning of words you don’t recognize Be ready to discuss!

Rock, Paper, Scissors! Do not eat the candy until you are told to do so Each time you lose a game you must give up a piece of candy to the person who defeated you When you run out of candy you must sit down and quietly wait for the game to finish You must continue to play as long as you have candy in your possession

Classroom Activity: Rock, Paper, Scissors Game Historical Information: Marxist Theory Capitalism Students have their own candy, and not everyone starts with the same number of pieces. As students play the game, a few win lots of pieces, but most lose. Individuals privately own industry. Freedom of competition results in unequal economic classes. Class Struggle Winners and losers argue about whether the game is fair. Losers vote to change the rules of the game. Upper and working class struggle over wealth. Working class revolts and takes control of government. Socialism The teacher collects all pieces of candy and redistributes them equally to students. Government takes over ownership of industry. Wealth created is distributed equally to all.

Karl Marx German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism Believed that history is controlled by economics and class struggle The future would lead to communism

Communism Capitalist society would eventually destroy itself, as the proletariat would revolt Workers would bring about economic equality for all and a classless society would form with the absence of any government Private property would cease to exist

Unionization and Reform Workers organize unions to raise wages and improve conditions Unions eventually become established and legal Reform laws are passed in Britain and the United States to limit child labor and set work hours

Reform Free public education for all children The abolition movement helps to end slavery by the end of the 1800s Free public education for all children

A Revolutionary…Haiku? Select a major theme or topic from the Industrial Revolution Write a haiku about that topic that accurately describes it in some way; be creative! 3 lines 5-7-5 syllables Record on index card and be prepared to submit / share! Karl Marx Working class unite To destroy the bourgeoisie Man, what a sweet beard…