 Draw the human heart and the main blood vessels in/out of the heart.  Label the following on your diagram:  4 chambers  4 valves  All blood vessels going into/out of heart  Using a blue pencil, indicate oxygen-poor blood flow  Using a red pencil, indicate oxygen-rich blood flow

 Cardiac muscle cells can contract spontaneously and independently  Regulation of heart activity: 1. Autonomic nervous system ▪ Epinephrine, thyroxine:  heart rate ▪ Low Ca 2+ levels:  heart rate 2. Intrinsic conduction system ▪ Built into heart tissue & sets basic rhythm Sinoatrial (SA) Node ▪ Pacemaker = Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Sequence of action: 1. Sinoatrial (SA) node – right atrium ▪ Generates impulses  Starts each heartbeat 2. Atrioventricular (AV) node – between atria & ventricles ▪ Atria contract 3. Av Bundle (bundle of His) 4. Bundle branches – interventricular septum 5. Purkinje fibers – spread within ventricle walls ▪ Ventricles contract

 Records the electrical activity of the heart  Electrocardiograph: graphic record of heart activity

 P wave: atria contact  QRS complex: ventricles contract  T wave: ventricles relax

 Cardiac cycle  Cardiac cycle = events of one heartbeat  Systole  Systole: contraction of ventricles  Diastole  Diastole: relaxation of ventricles  Cardiac Output Animation Cardiac Output Animation

 “Lub”:  “Lub”: closing of AV valves  “Dub”:  “Dub”: semilunar valves close at end of systole

 Angina pectoris: heart muscle deprived of O 2,crushing chest pain  Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack): prolonged angina, heart cells may die

 Ischemia: Lack of adequate blood supply to heart  Fibrillation: uncoordinated shuddering of heart muscle, useless pump  Major cause of death from heart attacks

 Damage to SA node  slower heart rate  Install artificial pacemaker  Damage to AV node  Heart block: ventricles beat at own rate (slower or not at all)  Tachycardia: rapid heart rate (>100 beats/min)  Bradycardia: very slow heart rate (<60 beats/min)  Heart murmur: abnormal or unusual heart sounds  Often valve problems

 Cardiac Output (CO) = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)  Stroke volume: volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each best Average adult: CO = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70 ml/beat) CO = 5250 ml/min

 Progressive weakening of heart  Low heart efficiency  circulation inadequate to meet tissue needs  Caused by:  Coronary atherosclerosis – clogged coronary vessels  Persistent high blood pressure  Multiple heart attacks – scar tissue