Progressive Era : Impact of Progressive Reforms PowerPoint by Mr. Hataway Original Revised Revised

Today I will learn... ▫The Progressives’ Efforts to reform State and National governments. I will learn it by... ▫Listening Carefully & Taking Cornell Notes I have learned it when I can... ▫Summarize today’s notes by answering the following: “What has been the impact of Progressive Reforms?”

Essential Question: What inferences can you make concerning the impact of Progressive Era reforms, including initiative, referendum, recall, and the passage of the 16 th, 17 th, 18 th, and 19 th Amendments?

Opposition to corruption and waste in government.Opposition to corruption and waste in government. Concerned with social injustice.Concerned with social injustice. Interested in government reform at all levels – national, state, and local.Interested in government reform at all levels – national, state, and local. Sought Anti-trust legislation.Sought Anti-trust legislation. Conservation of our natural resources.Conservation of our natural resources. Defining Characteristics of the Progressive Era

Former populistsFormer populists College-educated professionalsCollege-educated professionals New Middle ClassNew Middle Class Small business ownersSmall business owners MuckrakersMuckrakers Who were the Progressives?

National Level Progressive Reforms During the Progressive Era political reforms were initiated which gave the people more say in how their government was run and operated, resulting in a more participatory and democratic government. You do not have to write this slide down, but please pay attention for the purpose of your own understanding. Thank you.

National Level Progressive Reforms 16 th Amendment (1913) ▫Income Tax ▫Purpose was to raise revenue for government programs and reduce reliance on tariffs. ▫Originally intended to be a tax only on the wealthiest Americans. ▫Idea introduced by Populist Party.

National Level Progressive Reforms 17 th Amendment (1913) ▫Direct Election of Senators ▫Originally, Senators were chosen by State Legislatures, led to corruption through intimidation and bribery. ▫Each State elect 2 Senators serving 6-year terms; directly elected by the people. ▫Introduced by Populist Party.

Why did the progressives want the direct election of senators? The United States Constitution had originally called for each state legislature to elect two senators from each state. As a result, political machines often influenced the election of senators in exchange for federal contracts and jobs. Progressives hoped the direct election of senators by all state voters would end this corruption.

National Level Progressive Reforms 18 th Amendment (1919) ▫Prohibition ▫Congress “prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.” ▫Long sought after by the Temperance Movement.

National Level Progressive Reforms 19 th Amendment (1920) ▫Women’s Suffrage {vote} ▫Congress can’t deny U.S. citizens the right to vote based on gender.

Lucy Stone Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton :her daughter (Harriet E. Blatch) became a prominent suffrage leader in the 20 th century Susan B. Anthony TH CENTURY WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE LEADERS

LEADERS OF THE WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT IN THE 20 TH CENTURY Carrie Chapman Catt: Maud Wood Park: Lucy Burns Alice Paul:

ROBERT La FOLLETTE AND THE WISCONSIN IDEA State Level Progressive Reforms

Robert La Follette was Elected governor of Wisconsin in 1900 on a platform of reform. Re- elected in 1902 and Created the "Wisconsin Idea," the use of professors from the University of Wisconsin-- 57 at one point--to draft bills and administer the state regulatory apparatus created by the new laws.

The legislature enacted the direct primary in 1903 and state civil-service reform in His appointees to the Tax Commission, given new power by the legislature, equalized tax assessments. Wisconsin's leadership in these areas gave La Follette his reputation as a pioneering progressive. State Level Progressive Reforms

InitiativeInitiative ▫Designated number of voters petition to have a measure put on the ballot to be voted on by the electorate. ▫Many States adopted by 1920.

State Level Progressive Reforms Referendum ▫Vote by the electorate on an initiative or proposed statute (state law). ▫Many States adopted by 1920.

State Level Progressive Reforms RecallRecall ▫Procedure that allows voters to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office. ▫Many States adopted by

State Level Progressive Reforms Direct PrimaryDirect Primary Nomination of candidates by the vote of party members instead of party bosses.Nomination of candidates by the vote of party members instead of party bosses. Several States had adopted at the local level since 1870s. Every State by 1916.Several States had adopted at the local level since 1870s. Every State by 1916.

State Level Progressive Reforms Secret BallotSecret Ballot first adopted by the state of Oregon in the U.S.first adopted by the state of Oregon in the U.S. Also known as the Australian Ballot.Also known as the Australian Ballot. Ballots distributed by the government and not the political parties.Ballots distributed by the government and not the political parties.

Rank each of the reforms based on impact – from greatest impact to least impact. Assignment:

New Forms of City Government

Mayor-Council (old system)Mayor-Council (old system) ▫consists of a popularly elected city mayor and city council. ▫Mayor had power to appoint and dismiss department heads without council approval. ▫Often controlled by the “Political Machines”

Reformers sought to make government more efficient and professional.Reformers sought to make government more efficient and professional. Two new forms of city government created by Progressives following natural disaster in the early 1900s.Two new forms of city government created by Progressives following natural disaster in the early 1900s. ▫Council-Manager ▫City Commission New Forms of City Government

Council-ManagerCouncil-Manager ▫an elected city council, which is responsible for policy making ▫A professional city manager, appointed by the council, responsible for the administration of the city government.

CITY MANAGER FORM OF CITY GOVERNMENT GAINS POPULARITY AFTER FLOODS IN DAYTON OHIO IN A COLLEGE EDUCATED HIGHLY PAID PROFESSIONAL IS HIRED TO RUN THE CITY THIS LOWERS THE RISK OF CORRUPTION.

VICTIMS OF THE FLOOD THIS PICTURE SHOWS THE DESOLATION AND SUFFERING CAUSED BY THE FLOOD, AND THE HEROIC WORK OF THE RESCUERS WHEN THE WATERS WERE SUBSIDING. MANY SCENES OF HORROR LIKE THE ABOVE WERE WITNESSED

New Forms of City Government City CommissionCity Commission ▫Elected city commissioners act as legislators and each heads a city department. ▫By 1917, 500 cities adopted this form of city government.

GALVESTON TEXAS : REFORM COMES FROM DISASTER In September 1900 a hurricane slammed into Galveston almost head on. Waves were higher than 15 feet and winds howled at 130 miles per hour. By the time the storm passed, more than 8,000 people were dead, countless were injured and half of the island's homes had been swept away.