Causes of Rapid Industrialization 1.Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. 2.The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: * First big business in the US. * A great place to invest $$$. * The key to opening the West. * Aided the development of other industries. 1.Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. 2.The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: * First big business in the US. * A great place to invest $$$. * The key to opening the West. * Aided the development of other industries.

Causes of Rapid Industrialization 3.Technological innovations. * Bessemer and open hearth process make STEEL * Refrigerated cars * Edison --> “Wizard of Menlo Park” --> light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures. 3.Technological innovations. * Bessemer and open hearth process make STEEL * Refrigerated cars * Edison --> “Wizard of Menlo Park” --> light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures.

4.Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. 5.Abundant capital. 6.New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. 7.Population doubles every 25 years. 8.Government willing to help businesses to stimulate economic growth. 9.Abundant natural resources. 4.Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. 5.Abundant capital. 6.New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. 7.Population doubles every 25 years. 8.Government willing to help businesses to stimulate economic growth. 9.Abundant natural resources. Causes of Rapid Industrialization

The Reorganization of Work Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

The Reorganization of Work The Assembly Line

World’s Industrial Output

Ironically, labor was prevented from organizing because of the government's use of A.the Interstate Commerce clause. B.Jim Crow laws. C.the Sherman Antitrust Act. D.the Voting Rights Act.

America’s Richest Citizens 1.John Rockefeller OIL $189.6 Billion

2 nd Andrew Carnegie STEEL $100.5 Billion

3 rd Cornelius Vanderbilt Railroads $95.9 Billion

4 th John Jacob Astor Real Estate $78 Billion

Then the Rest 5.Bill Gates: $61Billion 6.Stephen Girard: Shipping $55 billion 7.A.T. Stewart: CRAP, $46 Billion 8.Weyerhaeuser: Lumber, $43 Billion 9.Jay Gould: RR’s $42 Billion 10.Marshall Field: Department Stores $40 Billion 11.Sam Walton: Retail, $37 Billion 12.Andrew Mellon: Banking, $32 Billion #23 is J.P. Morgan “The richest Man in America at $25 Billion

RAILROADS –Exponential growth 1865 = 35,000 miles1900 = 195,000 miles st continental RR Promontory Utah continental RR’s w/ 10,000s of miles of connecting track.

Making Connections!!!! Review!!! Do You Remember How this affected FARMERS Munn v. Illinois? Wabash v. Illinois? Interstate Commerce Act? Interstate Commerce Commission?

How Will the RR’s affect other businesses? Oil = Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, used TRUSTS to control everything Steel = Carnegie’s monopolizes STEEL Vertical Monopolies to Control all parts of steel production and sales George Pullman = RR Cars, use Working Towns to control costs

A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL

Were they “Captains of Industry” Or “Robber Barons”? Lowered the price of almost all goods sold. Horribly abused their workers (Labor) Provided hundreds of thousands of jobs Destroyed the environment Created new technologies Kept 80% $ for themselves Gave millions to charity and built universities and libraries

Steel Production

Industrial Consolidation: Iron & Steel Firms

By 1920, the majority of workers in American cities were A.highly skilled and well paid. B.women. C.immigrants. D.highly skilled and poorly paid

Is Big business getting TOO BIG?

How to slow it down? Can you? Should you? –Sherman anti-trust Act: you can’t use your monopoly to “restrain trade” between the states or other nations. –Too control or stop the free trade of goods by others???? –Very hard to define

“On Wealth” Andrew Carnegie  The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.  “Gospel of Wealth” (1889).  Inequality is inevitable and good.  Wealthy should (might) act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”  The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.  “Gospel of Wealth” (1889).  Inequality is inevitable and good.  Wealthy should (might) act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”

Social Darwinism  Spencer: British economist.  Advocate of TRUE laissez- faire.  Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans.  Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”  Spencer: British economist.  Advocate of TRUE laissez- faire.  Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans.  Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”

Social Darwinism argued that human history witnessed A.the inevitable evolution of the weakest groups to the positions of highest power. B.a struggle among the races, with the strongest triumphing. C.the evolution of humans from the ape. D.the eventual disintegration of western civilization.

Child Labor

“Galley Labor”

Labor Unrest:

Labor Unions You Need to Know National Labor Union: William Sylvis Knights of Labor: Uriah Stephens. Failed because of Socialist ideas American Federation of Labor (AF of L). Succeeded because it focused on –Work hours –Safety issues –pay

Labor Unions You Need to Know American Railway Union: Eugene Debs. Succeeded because he could shut down all the trains with a strike (arrested 5 times) International Workers of the World: Big Bill Haywood. Socialists – Arrested and beaten

Strikes/Riots You Need to Know Great Strike of 1877: All the ARU (Debs) went on strike. President calls out troops to arrest them under the ICC. Homestead: One of Carnegie’s steel plants goes on strike Haymarket “Riot” Pullman Strike of 1893 (The Panic of 1893 is just starting)

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

President Grover Cleveland If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

They Use the interstate Commerce Act to Justify this

Homestead Steel Strike (1892)

Haymarket “Riot” (1886)

Haymarket Martyrs

The Pullman Strike of 1894

Pullman Cars A Pullman porter

A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL

The End of ARU power Prsident uses a court injunction to stop the strike Debs says NO! Federal Troops arrest him Runs for President from JAIL

The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

The long-time president of the American Federation of Labor was A.Samuel Gompers. B."Big Bill" Haywood. C.John L. Lewis. D.Eugene Debs.

Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”  Mary Harris.  Organizer for the United Mine Workers.  Founded the Social Democratic Party in  One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

The “Formula” unions  violence  strikes  socialists  anarchists = immigrants !!

Labor Union Membership