Chapter 1: Introduction  Danish production- and family animal population  Evolution and breeding  Phenotype, genotype and environmental heritability.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 1: Introduction  Danish production- and family animal population  Evolution and breeding  Phenotype, genotype and environmental heritability  Quantitative and qualitative traits

Danish production- and family animal population

Evolution – Natural selection  Survival of the fittest (Darwin, 1859)  Best adapted individuals have better chances of surviving and breeding offspring  Natural selection  Environmental conditions decide which individuals will be best adapted

Evolutionary theory made simple !

Breeding – man made selection (evolution)  Definition of the goals for breeding: the best animals are selected  Typically the goals for the breeding are a combination of different traits, which are important in the production  The population average for the breeding goals can be changed in a favourable direction

Breeding - man made selection  Definition of the goals for breeding: the best animals are selected  Typically the goals for the breeding are a combination of different traits, which are important in the production  The population average for the breeding goals can be changed in a favourable direction

Selection changes in fat % in dairy cattle

Phenotype, genotype and environment Phenotype = genotype + environment P = G + E Interaction between genetics and environmental factors P = f(G,E)

Phenotype  What can be measured, weighted or registered in any way  The trait can be recorded  For instance kg gain in slaughter pigs, kg milk in cows or exterior in horses

Genotype  Alleles on different loci  Half the genes are transferred to the offspring  The genotype is part of the phenotype, which can be found again in the offspring  Codes for the protein synthesis  The genotype cannot be observed  The genotype of an offspring will generally be the average of the parents’ phenotypes

The influence of polygenetic inheritance on genetic variation

The environmental influence on the phenotype  Fodder, nutrition, substrate  Temperature  Draft  Humidity  Stress  Management strategy

Phenotype, genotype and environment P = G + E

Heritability Relationship between weight of mother and offspring by inbreeding and outbreeding

Regression of height of offspring on height of parent

Quantitative and qualitative traits

Genetic polymorfy in a pig family

The terms gene, locus and allele Old terminology When in the Labrador Retriever a gene for yellow coat colour is mentioned it both points at a locus and an allele. Because a locus or a gene was identified by the deviating phenotype yellow. New terminology A recessive allele for yellow coat colour in the extention locus