Transgenic and Evolution By Emily Norovsambuu

What is transgenic? If a gene or genes that have been transferred from a different species to unlike species. GMO or GEO An organism’s genetic material has been altered using genetic engeneering techniques –biological and medical research –production of pharmaceutical drug –experimental medicine –gene therapy –agriculture golden rice.

Agricultural purposes There are a few experience that to transfer genetic material between two unlike species for agricultural purposes. –increase milk production –high growth rate –used selective breeding to produce animals that exhibit desired traits

What is transgenic use for? Transgenic methods are useful tools –For in biology research –the mechanisms of human and other diseases –biological processes in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells,eukaryotic prokaryotic –disease models –some medical research

How transgenic works? Based on Watson and Crick discovery, biologist found out that the combination of different genes into an animal can be work only if the gene is inherited by offspring. the discovery comes through in recombinant DNA, genomic mapping genetic cloning analyze of gene expression The basic principle in the production of transgenic animal is that the unfamiliar genes must be transmitted through the germ line, so that every cell, including germ cells, of the animal contains the same modified DNA.

The technology has already produced transgenic animals Mice (glo) rats rabbits pigs sheep cows monkeys

3 method use produce transgenic animals 1 st DNA microinjection –absorb transfer of a single gene or a combination of genes that are recombined and then cloned from another member of the same species or from a different species into the pro-nucleus of a reproductive cell. 2 nd retrovirus-mediated gene transfer –vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell, produces chimera, an organism consisting of tissues or parts of diverse genetic constitution, altered animals with mixed DNA. 3 rd embryonic stem cell-mediated –requires live transgenic offspring to test the transgene and it can test transgenes for all cell stage.

Integrate of Chromosome Normally transgene insert into one chromosome giving rise to heterozygous –50 % of the gene can transfer to the offspring.

What is the negative side? Farmers used growth hormones to encourage the development of animals, but they had a technique problem. One of the big problems was residue ruins of the hormones remained in the animal product. The achievement rate for transgenic is very low, but the successful transgenic animals need to be cloned or mated.