ORIGINS OF THE WAR Japanese aggression Manchuria Mongolia China When? Why? Natural Resources Oil Rubber Tin Metals

AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR When? When? Why? Why? Pearl Harbor Attack Pearl Harbor Attack December 7, 1941 December 7, 1941 Japan declares war on U.S. Japan declares war on U.S. Tripartite Pact members follow Tripartite Pact members follow Japanese Motivations: Japanese Motivations: Eliminate threat posed by U.S. Pacific Fleet Eliminate threat posed by U.S. Pacific Fleet Open up Western Pacific / East Asia for exploitation Open up Western Pacific / East Asia for exploitation Japanese Government dominated by Tojo & Army Japanese Government dominated by Tojo & Army Japan Strikes – Where? Japan Strikes – Where? Hawaii – Pearl Harbor (US) Hawaii – Pearl Harbor (US) Philippines (US) Philippines (US) French Indochina (Fr.) French Indochina (Fr.) Southeast Asia (UK) Southeast Asia (UK) Indonesia (Holland) Indonesia (Holland)

JAPANESE “ZERO”, PRIMARY FIGHTER PLANE OF JAPANESE NAVY & ARMY

THE PACIFIC CAMPAIGN Who leads the way? Who leads the way? U.S. Navy: Adm. Chester W. Nimitz* U.S. Navy: Adm. Chester W. Nimitz* U.S. Army: Gen. Douglas MacArthur U.S. Army: Gen. Douglas MacArthur *USMC forces under his command *USMC forces under his command Strategy: Strategy: 2-Pronged Strategey: 2-Pronged Strategey: -Strangle Japanese shipping -Strangle Japanese shipping -Isolate & Eliminate Japanese – held islands -Isolate & Eliminate Japanese – held islands Additional 3 rd Element: Additional 3 rd Element: -Bombing campaign against Japanese mainland -Bombing campaign against Japanese mainland Where? Where? Central Pacific: USN / USMC Central Pacific: USN / USMC South Pacific: USA, USAAF, USN / USMC South Pacific: USA, USAAF, USN / USMC Allied Forces: Australia Allied Forces: Australia

The Major Battles May, 1942: Coral Sea - Tie May, 1942: Coral Sea - Tie June, 1942: Midway – Turning Point in War June, 1942: Midway – Turning Point in War Jul.’42 – Aug.’43: New Guinea Jul.’42 – Aug.’43: New Guinea Aug.’42 – Feb.’43: Guadalcanal Aug.’42 – Feb.’43: Guadalcanal Nov.’43: Tarawa Nov.’43: Tarawa June, 1944: Saipan June, 1944: Saipan Oct.’44 - Feb.’45: Philippines Invasion Oct.’44 - Feb.’45: Philippines Invasion Feb.’45: Iwo Jima Feb.’45: Iwo Jima April, 1945: Okinawa April, 1945: Okinawa

MIDWAY When? June 4-5, 1942 When? June 4-5, 1942 Where? Central Pacific – Midway Island Where? Central Pacific – Midway Island Who? Who? Japanese Fleet (Admiral Nagumo): 4 Carriers Japanese Fleet (Admiral Nagumo): 4 Carriers U.S. Fleet (Admiral Nimitz): 3 Carriers U.S. Fleet (Admiral Nimitz): 3 Carriers Results: Results: Devastating defeat for Japan – All 4 carriers sunk Devastating defeat for Japan – All 4 carriers sunk U.S. loses 1 carrier U.S. loses 1 carrier Turning point in the Pacific war Turning point in the Pacific war Japan now on defensive until end of war Japan now on defensive until end of war

U.S.S. YORKTOWN, CV-5

DAUNTLESS DIVE BOMBER U.S. NAVY, 1942 DAUNTLESS DIVE BOMBER U.S. NAVY, 1942 PRIMARY DIVE BOMBER OF U.S. NAVY & USMC IN PACIFIC THEATRE PRIMARY DIVE BOMBER OF U.S. NAVY & USMC IN PACIFIC THEATRE

DESTRUCTION OF JAPANESE FLEET, BATTLE OF MIDWAY

The End of the War Japan Loses Ground: Why? U.S. submarine campaign Massive U.S. bombing campaign Heavy battlefield casualties Desperate measures: “Kamikaze” (Define) campaign “No surrender” on battlefield Homeland defense training U.S. Closes in: How will the war End?

The Atomic Bomb When? When? Where? Where? Oak Ridge, Tennessee Oak Ridge, Tennessee Los Alamos, New Mexico Los Alamos, New Mexico Codename: The Manhattan Project Codename: The Manhattan Project Who? Who? Gen. Leslie Groves Gen. Leslie Groves J. Robert Oppenheimer J. Robert Oppenheimer The First Test: The First Test: July 16, 1945 July 16, 1945 Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Success Success

THE MANHATTAN PROJECT

TRINITY TEST SITE TOWER

TRINITY TEST, JULY 16, 1945

DETONATION SEQUENCE

10 SEC. AFTER DETONATION

DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE

To Bomb Or Not To Bomb Why drop the bomb? Prevent an invasion of Japan Prevent the risk of massive casualties End the war more quickly Why Not? Is it ethical? Do we really need to? Do we understand the long-term effects? What do YOU think?

THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS When? When? August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 9, 1945: Nagasaki August 9, 1945: Nagasaki Effect? Describe: Effect? Describe: Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders World War II Ends World War II Ends

TIBBETS & SWEENY

Major Major Charles Sweeny, U.S. Army A.F., Lead Pilot, Nagasaki Mission

NAGASAKI BOMBER B-29 SUPERFORTRESS “BOCKS CAR”

AERIAL VIEW - NAGASAKI BEFORE BOMBING

AERIAL VIEW – NAGASAKI AFTER BOMBING

NAGASAKI BOMBING AUGUST 9, 1945

“LITTLE MAN” ATOMIC BOMB

“FAT BOY” ATOMIC BOMB

TYPES OF ATOM BOMBS Hiroshima Hiroshima “Gun” Bomb “Gun” Bomb Nagasaki Nagasaki “Implosion” Bomb “Implosion” Bomb

ATOMIC BOMB FIGURES WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS

HIROSHIMA – AFTER BOMBING

HIROSHIMA HIROSHIMA “SHADOW” “SHADOW”

NAGASAKI AFTERMATH

NAGASAKI DEAD, 1945 NAGASAKI DEAD, 1945

JAPANESE URBAN TARGETS

NAGASAKI BLAST RADIUS

NAGASAKI BOMB CASUALTIES DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30, km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30, km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27, km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27, km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115, km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115,200 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800

ATOMIC BOMB CASUALTIES

BOMBING EFFECTS ON JAPAN

20-KILOTON BLAST ESTIMATE