Zn and Pb

Al & Mg a) Carbon anode; b) Electrolyte; c)Insulation; d) Carbon lining; e) Current collector bar; f) Thermal insulation; g) Steel shell; h) Carbon block; i) Ledge; j) Crust; k) Alumina cover; l) Removable covers; m) Anode rods; n) Fume collection; o) Air cylinder; p) Feeder; q) Current supply; r) Crust breaker

Al …………b.v 1950 o C Al 2 O 3 ………b.t o C Na 3 AlF 6 ….. b.t o C Composition of electrolyte: 5-10% Al 2 O 3 cryolit, AlF 3, CaF 2,,, LiF – 970 o C 2,1 g/cm 3 (Al 2,7 g/cm 3 ) Dissociation: Al 2 O 3 → Al 3+ + AlO 3 3- Cathode: Al e → Al (l) Anode: 2 AlO e → Al 2 O 3 + 1,5 O 2 1,5 O 2 + C → 3 CO (CO 2 ) 4F - + C - 4 e → CF 4

Al & Mg

Cu

Ni