20.2 “Normalcy” and Isolationism OBJECTIVE: Understand the causes of post-war isolationism and the immigration quota system

PRESIDENT HARDING “America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality...."

Kellogg-Briand Pact  1921: US invites nations to freeze naval construction and begin disarmament.  1929: 64 nations had signed the Kellogg- Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of diplomacy. PROBLEM: The pact was voluntary and not enforceable.

America turns Inward  RED SCARE AG Mitchell Palmer – the Palmer Raids AG Mitchell Palmer – the Palmer Raids the Buford Deportations the Buford Deportations IWW and Socialists IWW and Socialists Sacco-Vanzetti trial and execution Sacco-Vanzetti trial and execution  KKK’s NEW NATIVISM 5 million members in 1920’s 5 million members in 1920’s Ultraconservative and anti-modern Ultraconservative and anti-modern  NEW IMMIGRATION LAWS vs. “New Immigrants” Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Immigration Act of 1924 Immigration Act of 1924 WHO WAS BEING TARGETED???

IMMIGRATION QUOTAS  US experience a wave of racism, lynchings, and nativism after WWI.  Immigration booms after WWI  Quota System enacted to slow the flow  Quotas discriminate against Southern and Eastern Europeans, Roman Catholics and Jews AND excludes Japanese.

21.1: CHANGING WAYS OF LIFE OBJECTIVE: Learn about urbanization, Prohibition and the Scopes Trial

PROBLEMS WITH PROHIBITION  1920: 18 th Amendment comes into effect with Volstead Act  Saloons and bars close, but demand does not go away  Government does not fund enforcement  People make alcohol at home in “stills” or go to “speakeasies.”  Bootleggers and mob bosses like Al Capone make millions.

BOOTLEGGING, AL CAPONE, AND ALCOHOL RAIDS

EFFECTS OF PROHIBITION  Black market for booze booms  Smugglers bring in alcohol from Cuba, Canada and the West Indies  Police and judges become corrupt from accepting bribes  Cities become violent as mafia and gangs fight for booze market RESULT: By mid-1920’s, only 19% of US supports Prohibition. YET, not repealed until 21 st Amendment in 1933.

St. Valentine’s Day Massacre

RISE OF FUNDAMENTALISM  Emerges in 1920’s  Reaction to decline in rural life and “threat” of cities  Rejection of modernity, industrialization, and scientific evolution  Characterized by “revivals”  Charismatic leadership provided by Preacher Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson.

The Scopes Trial AKA the “Monkey Trial”  1925: Fundamentalists win battle to make teaching of evolution illegal in Tennessee  John Scopes, Biology teacher, arrested  ACLU hires Clarence Darrow as defense  William Jennings Bryan is special prosecutor  Nationwide audience (trial is outside b/c of crowds)  Darrow puts Bryan “on trial”  Scopes found guilty, pays $100 fine IMPACT: SHOWS GROWING CULTURAL DIVIDE IS THIS AN ISSUE TODAY???

Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan

Ch Women’s Changing Roles  Ongoing crusade for equal rights  Women in politics and in the workplace encountered “double standard” and a “glass ceiling  In reaction to double standard, “Flappers” sought individual freedom  Most women remained in domestic sphere  Discovery of adolescence Teenage children no longer needed to work Teenage children no longer needed to work Indulged their craving for excitement Indulged their craving for excitement

Evolution from Victorian Ideal (A), to “Gibson girl” (B), to 1920’s “flappers” (C) (B) (C) (A)

1920s & Flapper YouTube Video 1920s & Flapper YouTube Video

21.4: THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE OBJECTIVE: Understand why the 1920’s were a crucial era in African-American History HW 22.1

CHANGE IN AFRICAN AMERICAN SOCIETY  Great Black Migration during WWI and 1920’s  4.8 of 12 million Af-Am move from South to cities, mainly in Northeast and Mid-West  : 25 race riots  NAACP membership doubles  James Weldon Johnson leads NAACP on anti-lynching crusade  Fails to pass anti-lynching bill in Congress

HARLEM RENAISSANCE  Harlem is the “Mecca” or “Capital” of Black America  At 330,000 inhabitants, it is the largest black urban community in the world  1920’s Harlem is the epicenter of an artistic and literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance

African-American Writers  Claude McKay: Poet, inspired resistance to prejudice, known for his militant verses. “America” Although she feeds me bread of bitterness, And sinks into my throat her tiger's tooth, Stealing my breath of life, I will confess I love this cultured hell that tests my youth! Her vigor flows like tides into my blood, Giving me strength erect against her hate. Her bigness sweeps me like a flood.

African-American Writers  Hugh Langston : Poet, described every-day life of African-Americans I am a Negro Black as the night is black Black like the depths of my Africa “Backlash Blues” Mister rich man, rich man, Open up your heart and mind. Mister rich man, rich man, Open up your heart and mind. Give the poor man a chance, Help stop these hard, hard times. While you're livin' in your mansion You don't know what hard times means. While you're livin' in your mansion You don't know what hard times means. Poor workin' man's wife is starvin', Your wife is livin' like a queen. Langston Hughes: Poet, described every-day life of African-Americans

African-American Writers  Zora Neale Hurston: Female Author, Their Eyes Were Watching God Quotes – "...I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all." "Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me.“ "At certain times I have no race, I am me. When I set my hat at a certain angle and saunter down Seventh Avenue, Harlem City, feeling as snooty as the lions in front of Forty-Second Street Library, for instance....The cosmic Zora emerges. I belong to no race nor time. I am the eternal feminine with its string of beads." "At certain times I have no race, I am me. When I set my hat at a certain angle and saunter down Seventh Avenue, Harlem City, feeling as snooty as the lions in front of Forty-Second Street Library, for instance....The cosmic Zora emerges. I belong to no race nor time. I am the eternal feminine with its string of beads." "Sometimes I feel discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. It merely astonishes me. How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my company? It's beyond me."

African-American Performers  Paul Robeson: Actor, Lawyer  Louis Armstrong: Trumpet Player, Band Leader  Duke” Ellington: Jazz pianist, Composer, Composer, Band Leader Band Leader at Cotton Club  Bessie Smith: Blues Singer

What were some of the most important ideas, opinions and beliefs expressed in African- American art and literature, and politics in the 1920’s?