1 LIDO Telecommunications Essentials® Part 2 Data Networking and the Internet Data Communications Basics

LIDO 2 Contents History of data networks, trends OSI, TCP/IP models

LIDO 3 Data Networking Architectures TimeframeArchitecture 1970’s to early 1980’sMainframes Early to mid-1980’sStandalone workstations Early to late 1980’s and 1990’s LANs and LAN internetworking Mid-1990’sInternet commercialization Mid-to late 1990’sApplication-driven networks Remote-access workers 2000’sHANs, PANs, Internet as enterprise backbone

LIDO 4 History of the Internet Kleinrock’s keynote at WCNC 2007

LIDO ’s Standalone Mainframes Cluster Controller Cluster Controller Cluster Controller FEP Front End Processor HOST

LIDO ’s Networked Mainframes Cluster Controller Cluster Controller Cluster Controller FEP HOST Front End Processor

LIDO ’s Standalone Workstations 1982: IBM sells the Token Ring standard 1985: The IEEE publishes standards for the 802.X protocols (especially Ethernet and Token Ring)

LIDO 8 Early-late 1980s Local Area Networking LAN Local Area Network

LIDO 9 Mid 80s-Mid 90sLAN Internetworking LAN Local Area Network LAN Local Area Network

LIDO 10 Mid 1990s Internet Commercialization

LIDO 11 Mid to late 1990’s Application Driven Networks Mid to late 1990’s Application Driven Networks AnnaNova, A Virtual Newscaster

LIDO 12 Late 1990s Remote Access Workers An employee working at home Main office

LIDO 13 Early 2000s Home Area Networking (HAN) Smart Bed Smart Desk Smart Refrigerator

LIDO 14 Current Enterprise Trends There is trend towards reducing the number of LANs and instead relying on the Internet as the corporate backbone. Involves the migration of applications to web-based services, often outsourced. The enterprise owns and maintains the applications, providing access via Internet- connected Web browsers. Reduces the expense and burden of maintaining complicated corporate networks.

LIDO 15 Goals and Use of Network Systems Resource sharing Increasing reliability & performance Cost reductions Access to information Collaboration network Systems network distributed Systems

LIDO 16 Network Domains Distance (typical) Network Category 1,000 km+interconnection of wide area networks (Internet) 1,000 km+Wide Area Networks (WANs) 10 km+Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) < 1 kmCampus Area Networks (CANs) < 1 kmLocal Area Networks (LANs) < 10 mPersonal Area Networks (PANs)

LIDO 17 Data Networking Applications Electronic Mail –Low bandwidth for text, higher bandwidth when image, video or multimedia media is included –Delay tolerant –Error control required at end points Transactions –Low bandwidth for text, higher bandwidth when image, video or multimedia media is included –Delay sensitive –Error and loss control critical

LIDO 18 Modems Analog Modem Analog Dial-up Service Analog Modem ADSL Modem Digital ADSL Service ADSL Modem

LIDO 19 Modulation Basics Permute any of three main characteristics of analog wave form to encode uniqueness (info) –amplitude –frequency –phase

LIDO 20 Amplitude Modulation “1” bit “0” bit

LIDO 21 Frequency Modulation “0” bit “1” bit

LIDO 22 Phase Modulation “0” bit Wave starts at 90-degree phase “1” bit Wave starts at 270-degree phase

LIDO 23 Single Carrier Modulation Single carrier modulation schemes - s ingle channel occupies all the bandwidth. Single carrier techniques include –2B1Q –64-QAM –256-QAM –16-QAM –QPSK –CAP

LIDO 24 Multicarrier Modulation Multicarrier techniques use an aggregate amount of bandwidth and divide it into sub-bands. Each sub-band is encoded using a single-carrier technique, and bit streams from the sub-bands are bonded together at the receiver. Two main multicarrier techniques –Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) –Discrete Multitone (DMT)

Asynchronous vs Synchronous Time Independent: Asynchronous: StartStop Information DCE Timing Signals Time Dependent: Synchronous 25 LIDO

26 Data Exchange Reference models –Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) –Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Protocols Layers Tunnels

LIDO 27 OSI Reference Model Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer User Transmit Receive Data Physical Link The 7 Layers of OSI

LIDO 28 OSI Reference Model Layer 7 Semantics APPLICATION Layer 6 Data Representations PRESENTATION Layer 5 Dialog Coordination SESSION Layer 4 Reliable Transfer of Data TRANSPORT Layer 3 Routing & Relaying NETWORK Layer 2 Node to Node Data Transfer DATA LINK Layer 1 Physical Parameters PHYSICAL 28

LIDO 29 TCP/IP Protocol Stack Applications TCP/UDP/SCTP/DCCP IP Network Interface , FTP, Web, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Host-to-Host Transport Internetworking Any L1 or L2 media Ethernet Frame Relay, ATM TDM, WDM Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4

LIDO 30 LIDO Telecommunications Essentials ® Data Communications Basics Lili Goleniewski The LIDO Organization, Inc. www. telecomessentials.com Skypes ID: lili.goleniewski Telecom Essentials Learning Center Copyright © The LIDO Organization, Inc. All Rights Reserved