FAIR USE AND CHALLENGES TO DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY USER RIGHTS Aparna Satish, School of Legal Studies,Cusat

COPYRIGHT Form of intellectual property protection granted under law to the creators of original works of authorship such as literary works (including computer programs, tables and compilations including computer databases which may be expressed in words, codes, schemes or in any other form, including a machine readable medium), dramatic, musical and artistic works, cinematographic films and sound recordings. Refers to a bundle of exclusive rights vested in the owner of copyright. Copyright law protects expressions of ideas rather than the ideas themselves. Copyright protection is conferred on all Original literary, artistic, musical or dramatic, cinematograph and sound recording works. Original means, that the work has not been copied from any other source.

FAIR USE A limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work Allows limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders. Examples of fair use include commentary, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, library archiving and scholarship. It provides for the legal, non-licensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test.

use is fair use is based on: a. the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for non-profit educational purposes.

FAIR USE b. the nature of the copyrighted work. c. the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole d. the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. Were it not for the fair use doctrine, whistling a favourite tune while walking down the street would amount to infringement

THREE STEP TEST Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention allowed Member Countries to permit the reproduction of works- In certain special cases Provided such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work, and Does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author Article 13 of the TRIPS Agreement also adopts the three step test.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND COPYRIGHT ISSUES Rapid technological progress in information technologies poses new issues for copyright law. Once a work is rendered in digital form, it can be reproduced rapidly, at little cost, and without any loss of quality. Each copy, in turn, can be further reproduced, again without any loss of quality. In this way, a single copy of a work in digital form can cater to the needs of hundreds and thousands of users.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND COPYRIGHT ISSUES The emergence of global digital networks allows the rapid, worldwide dissemination of works in digital form. Like broadcasting, digital networks allow dissemination to many individuals from a single point. This, means that a single digital copy of a work can be multiplied many thousands of times around the world within a few hours. When transmitted through high-speed transmission lines, the process is even faster, and the capacity for the transmission of works grows as well. Ever-increasing quantities of material can be stored in a smaller and smaller amount of space. From CDs which can store over 700 mega-bytes of data to today’s popular storage devices that can store 70 times that amount, technology has taken a tremendous leap.

The advancement in digital technology poses as a a double-edged sword for authors and rights holders. On the one hand, it can provide for new and exciting ways for authors to provide copies of their works in convenient, inexpensive ways to a much larger audience than in the past. On the other hand, these new technologies make it easier for pirates and those who want to compete illicitly with that author to make and distribute infringing copies of the work.

CHALLENGE The challenge of copyright in the digital age is to protect the author's and right holder's incentive to create new works and use new technologies to distribute them to users in the face of such a threat from the illicit use of technology by infringers. It also involves making sure that beneficial uses of works are not being needlessly stifled by a copyright system rendered inefficient by the advance of new technology.

CHALLENGES Maintaining the Framework of Exclusive Rights: The conclusion internationally has been that the existing framework is generally adequate to accommodate the new technologies and needs minor revisions rather than a major make-over. This is reflected in the modest, though important, scope of the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), concluded shortly after digital technology started to become prevalent.

CHALLENGES The WCT requires member countries to recognize certain exclusive rights designed for activity that takes place over new digital communications networks. It also requires that authors enjoy a right of communication to the public, including the right of "making available" their works, such as providing downloads from a web site. While many existing copyright laws provide such a right through the more traditional rights of reproduction or performance, the WCT made clear that such a right, in whatever form, must be granted to authors.

CHALLNGES Technological Adjuncts to Copyright Protection: While the WCT leaves the existing framework of exclusive rights largely intact, it does contain provisions, relatively new to international copyright agreements, on technological adjuncts to copyright protection. These adjuncts are intended to further the development of digital networks by ensuring that copyright can be meaningfully enforced and licensed online.

CHALLNGES The WCT, therefore, recognizes that owners cannot rely on technological measures alone to protect their works, because every technical device can be defeated by someone who is determined to access a work. In other words, while the framework of existing property rights continues to be appropriate, the meaningful exercise of these rights in the context of new uses, such as those on the Internet, requires supplementing them with legal rules that prohibit the compromise of their technology.

CHALLENGES Markets and Management of Rights: The collective management of rights is a market response to the inefficiencies of individually licensing rights to large numbers of works to large numbers of users, where the value of any individual use is relatively small. Traditionally, individually licensing such works would result in transaction costs that exceed the value of the license. Therefore market forces – and not governments – must determine whether collective management of rights, individual management of rights, or some combination prevails.

DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT Together with technology experts, the copyright industries have developed secure packaging and delivery software designed to prevent purchasers and third parties from making unauthorized uses of digital works. Digital rights management (DRM) is a term for access control technologies that are used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to limit the use of digital content and devices.

DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT Rights management systems, insists that permission be sought, and a fee paid, for any reuse. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), of the US, which prohibits tampering with or circumvention of digital systems, and also prohibits the manufacture, distribution, and importation of circumvention tools is an example for Digital Rights Management System. In the case of rights management systems, copyright owners determine the rules that are embedded into the technological controls.

FUTURE The rapid evolution of digital technologies in the past decade have provided a personal touch to such new technologies. A single individual, with very little investment, now can copy and distribute millions of copies of works over the Internet, especially works that can be digitized easily, like music or motion pictures or photographs. It is quite difficult for copyright owners to identify, locate, and bring enforcement actions against the vast number of individuals who might be infringing their works. And even if the owners could bring such actions, it is unlikely that such individuals would be able to pay for the damage their actions have caused.