2 February, 2007 Life Science: Organisms

2 February, 2007 Genomics “The genetic blueprints of all people generally have the same information, with approximately 99% of one human genome sequence being identical to all others. That makes the 1% of places in the genetic code that account for human variation very interesting…” Momentum Winter , DNA Rubic “Some geneticists have calculated the differences in human and chimpanzee DNA as just over 1%, some at 1.6%, and others at 1.8%.” Momentum Winter , What we learn from Chimpanzees

2 February, 2007 Genomics OrganismGenome size Number of genes Human 3.2 Gb25,000 Rat 2.7 Gb25,000 Mouse 2.5 Gb24,000 Dog 2.4 Gb19,300 Puffer fish 390 Mb25,000 Fruit fly 165 Mb13,600 Arabidopsis (plant) 120 Mb25,500 C elegans 97 Mb19,000 Slime mold 34 Mb12,500 Yeast 12 Mb6,

2 February, 2007 Biological Systems

2 February, 2007 Cell types The human embryonic stem cells cultured have been observed to randomly differentiate in culture into a variety of different cell types, including (A) gut, (B) neural cells, (C) bone marrow cells, (D) cartilage, (E) muscle and (F) kidney cells. stemcells/3327.html

2 February, 2007 A Cell

2 February, 2007 They are all the same cells – They all have the same genetic material, The only difference is what is turned on and what is silent.

2 February, 2007 Central Dogma

2 February, 2007 DNA

2 February, 2007 DNA

2 February, 2007 RNA

2 February, 2007 Central Dogma

2 February, 2007 Translation RNA to Protein

2 February, 2007 Proteins

2 February, 2007 Gene to Protein

2 February, 2007 Sites of Regulation

2 February, 2007 Sites of Regulation DNA Chromosome packing Methylation Transcription factor binding sites Protein Post-translational modification Structural modifications, cleavage Protein-protein interactions Co-factors RNA Capping, Poly adenylation Editing, splicing Transport from nucleus Promotors, Ribosome binding Metabolites Co-factor and substrate concentration Transport

2 February, 2007 How do we measure it? presence, concentration, activation state, etc. of specific biological molecules. How do we measure the variations?

2 February, 2007 DNA Sequencing Genomic library Genome sequencing PCR SNPs Linkage analysis

2 February, 2007 Life Science

2 February, 2007 Life Science

2 February,

2 February, 2007 Genomic Library

2 February, 2007

Genome sequencing and Display BAC-to-BAC method whole genome shotgun sequencing UCSC Genome Browser

2 February, 2007

Life Science

2 February, 2007 Microarray Probe hybridization to DNA on chips Probes bind to unique features on chips Flourescent labels highlight bound probes

2 February, 2007 RNAi : RNA silencing

2 February, 2007 Life Science

2 February, 2007 Proteomics: Mass Spectrometry

2 February, 2007 Proteomics: Mass Spectrometry

2 February, 2007 Yeast 2 hybrid used to measure protein-protein interactions.

2 February, 2007 Life Science Flow of information

2 February, 2007 Life Science Flow of information

2 February, 2007 NCBI Derivative Sequence Data ( Maureen J. Donlin, St. Louis University) ATTGACTA TTGACA CGTGA ATTGACTA TATAGCCG ACGTGC TTGACA CGTGA ATTGACTA TATAGCCG GenBank TATAGCCG AT GA C ATT GA ATT C C GA ATT C C GA ATT C GA ATT C GA ATT C C GA ATT C C UniGene RefSeq Genome Assembly Labs Curators Algorithms TATAGCCG AGCTCCGATA CCGATGACAA