The Use of Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries and UltraBatteries ® in Various Applications Including Renewable Energy KEVIN SMITH JUNE th International Lead Conference Pb2013 Prague

2 INDEX  Renewable Energy oSources oNeeds oApplications oTypes  Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries  UltraBattery ®  Renewable Energy Applications  Conclusions

3 East Penn Manufacturing Co. PENNSYLVANIA, USA

4 What is Renewable Energy? Time variable Wind Solar PV and solar thermal Wave Predictable Hydro Geothermal Biomass Tidal Factors Large scale & small scale Energy balance against power balance Variability and Predictability Surplus and Shortfall Markets and subsidies Short and long term reserves

5 Renewable Energy Applications  Off grid oResidential oOil and Gas Telemetry Cathodic oLighting oAlarm and Security oNav-aid oCellular oCommunications oMt. Top oBorder patrol oPumps  On grid w/battery oCellular oUPS oTelecom oCATV oResidential oTraffic Control oCommunications oAlarm and Security

6 Why is Energy Storage Needed?  Supply oMore Renewable Applications oUse of Distributed Resources oDevelopment of lower carbon sources oNegative prices for energy oResiliency Natural events Deliberate attacks  Demand oDigital Society demand oLarger peak demands oElectric Vehicles oSeasonal Summer Peaking oSmart Grid

7 Energy Storage is becoming a Reality!  Worldwide (CNESA)  2011 May370 MW  2011 Aug. 455 MW  2011 Nov.545 MW  2012 Feb.580 MW  2012 June605 MW  2013 Jan. 670 MW  2013 Mar. 686 MW

Relative Cost of Solar Power Declining Rapidly PLANT TYPELevelized Cost 2009 Levelized Cost 2011 Advanced Coal$109.4$123.0 Combined-cycle gas Combustion turbine gas Nuclear Biomass Wind Solar U.S. Average Levelized Costs, 2009 vs 2011 (Dollars per megawatt hour) Source: U.S. Energy Information Agency

9 Traction Battery Market Size: $6B Standby Battery New Lead-Acid Market PSOC UltraBattery Market Size: $15B Starter Battery % 100% State of Charge 80% 20% Today The New Dimension in a Lead Acid World

10 Advanced Lead Acid Batteries East Penn - Synergy oSpecialized Current Collectors oCarbons in Negative Plate oPositive Plate Additives  ALABC (Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium) sponsored projects

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12 Accelerated Life Cycle

13 Background  UltraBattery ® invented by: CSIRO  Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization o2005; CSIRO and Furukawa - R&D activities and marketing o2008; East Penn – License for Automotive and Traction – North America and China o2010; East Penn/Ecoult – License for Stationary - Worldwide excluding Japan and Thailand

14 PbO 2 Pb + – Separator Lead–acid cell + – Carbon electrode PbO 2 Asymmetric supercapacitor + – PbO 2 Pb Carbon electrode i i i1i1 i2i2 What is the UltraBattery ® ?

UltraBattery ® Testing

HPPC Performance – UltraBattery ® vs. Conventional AGM

RHOLAB Low Voltage Comparison: UltraBattery ® vs Conventional VRLA

18 * After Recovery * East Penn UltraBattery ® shows no capacity loss after more than 13,000 cycles without recovering the battery UltraBattery ® Performance vs. Conventional VRLA

19 UltraBattery ® Applications Stationary Hampton Wind Farm PNM Solar Management Hydro Tasmania Wind/Solar

20 Hampton Wind Farm

21 CUB – Containerized UltraBattery ®

22 Energy Storage for Wind

23 Hampton Wind Farm Variation

24 PNM Solar Site Prosperity Project

25 PNM Solar Site Prosperity Project

26 Smoothing - UltraBattery Cloud Cover Reduces the Output of the PV Array Battery Makes Up the Output Difference Shifting – Advanced VRLA Battery Used to Shift Power to a Higher Demand Point

27 PNM Solar Site Prosperity Project

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29 Why Renewables?  International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated Billion People without access to electricity. Living in areas too sparsely populated to extend the grid To achieve Universal energy access 379 TWh on grid 399 Twh mini grid 171 TWh off grid

Power Output (kW) Power ranges for different Rural Electrification Systems

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38 Battery Energy Storage  Lead-Acid oEstablished and reliable with know characteristics oExisting Infrastructure oSome new developments in progress and spin-offs from improved HRPSoC for automotive may assist oLarge new markets available to support renewables and smart grids oLow cost oSafe oFully recyclable at end-of-life

39 Thank You!