Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Victorian politics: becoming modern Britain Key institutions:Key concerns: 1820s-40s Monarchy(inherited) franchise/politics formalized House of Lords (1º inherited)1850s-80s Reform Acts House of Commons (elected) political party system Tories (Conservatives) 1890s-1914 Whigs (Liberals) broaden suffrage ‘the Irish question’ constitutional crisis

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Roots of arguments for change what spelled success? Continental radicalism (not) Labour radicals (ish) Political challenge Political philosophers Whig challenge yes, but needed a model for change respectable, outside politics ….

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Less respectable radicals: worker’s find their voice Luddites historyartisans, not workers history of protest actionbreaking burning fighting a murder meaningfear demand for rights political Wages of hand-loom weavers YearWeekly pay s s s.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Queen Caroline Question Caroline of Brunswick, the injured Queen of England Why did anyone care? → fuel for radicals and Whigs → signifier of social inequity that favoured of morally devoid upper classes → marker for moral reformers as new citizenship ideal new era of change, with broad, shifting coalitions working for it

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. And who would have that vote? In 1820: of (2.5%) men property owners members CofE mostly English although others participate

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. What does radical change look like? Repeal of Test and Corporations Acts (1828) qualified non-Conformists gained the right to formal politics i.e. Joseph Storrs Fry, Quaker, (Bristol, ) Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) most public offices opened to Catholics Reform Act (1832) Parliamentary reform Regularized franchise rights granted more middle class men voting rights (increased to 7% adults)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Second Reform Act (1867) Representation of the People Act replaced Liberal proposal voted down 1866 gained w.c. support for Conservatives married artisans, respectable w.c., male ‘heads of households’ (lodging worth £10) 2.5 million or 1/3 male adults – many fewer in Ireland No women

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Swing Riots – not only urban issues There were 1,976 trials in total. Of the men tried: Sentenced to death252Executed19 Commuted to life transportation233Transported505 Imprisoned644 Fined7 Whipped1 Acquitted/bound over800

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Witham parish workhouse (2002), 1714 Birmingham workhouse (1860s)‘archway of tears’

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. And subsequently Further Liberal Reform: disestablishment of the CofE in Ireland (1868) Irish Land Act (1870) Education Act Civil Service Act Military Acts (1871) religious tests ended Oxford and Cambridge (1871) trade unions, secret ballot, reformed judiciary (1870s) 1880s: franchise to rural heads of households 5.6/36mill election reform; redistribution of seats & 90% elected 1832: qualified women in local elections, and political volunteers

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Settler Colonies in North America Spanish towns, forts, missions east and west coast of N. America Emily Carr, McMichael Collection displaced by 17C French, English, Dutch mariners permanent colonies in North America France: Nova Scotia (1604), Quebec (1608) England: Jamestown (1607), Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) Netherlands: New Amsterdam (1623) English take it in 1664, rename it New York greater levels of self-government than Spanish and Portuguese colonies

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 European empires and colonies in the Americas c.1700

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Colombian Exchange: from Americas to Europe silverchanged economies potatoes, corn tomatoes, beans, cacao, peanuts, squash tobacco disease observation of new way of life – challenges to ideas/beliefs held

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Colombian Exchange from Europe to Americas wheat, grapevines, sugarcane cattle, horses, pigs new plants disease Read: Henry Hobhouse Seeds of Change Alfred Crosby Ecological Imperialism Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, and Steel 14

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. North American Populations

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Relations with Indigenous Peoples organization of North American peoples Protestant view of land use and industry increasing number of Europeans all want land: 150,000 from England in the 17C result: conflict misunderstandings ‘negotiated’ treaties military conflict frequent devastating epidemic disease

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Formation of Multicultural Societies Gender imbalance Europeans, Afro-Americans male not celibate relationships with native women Casta paintings Attrib. José de Alcíbar, “De Español y Negra, Mulato”, ca , Mexico. Mestizo (mixed) societies formed people of Spanish and native parentage descendants of Spaniards and African slaves (“mulattoes”) descendants of African slaves and natives (“zambos”)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Social Hierarchy Race-based hierarchy Top: peninsulares Criollos (creoles) Mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, other combinations of parentage Bottom: slaves, conquered peoples

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. North American Societies higher ratio of French, English female migrants than in South America social stigma attached to relationships with natives, African slaves fur traders have relationships with North American native women métis Gabriel Dumont ( ) Red River Rebellion (NW) 1885

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Indentured labourers 20

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Impact of early-modern European Empires French and Indian Wars ( ) expensive, extensive overlapped with Seven Years’ War ( ) conflict in Europe, India British victory ensured global dominance North American prosperity

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. To pay:increased taxation in 1760s on the British side tax burden falls to the colonies Sugar Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) Quartering Act (1765) (Housing British Troops) Tea Act (1773)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The American Revolution Colonies: logistic advantage popular support support of British rivals imaginative military leadership 1776 Independence Britain: strong central govt. navy, army loyalist population treaty at Peace of Paris, 1783 recognition of American independence 1787 US constitution drafted political and legal equality for men of property

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Swing to the east Losing the American colonies: pride took a hit but Caribbean worth more Geopolitically and fiscally: south pacific south and east Asia Africa 24