American Politics and Foreign Policy American Exceptionalism and Its Impact on American Politics and Foreign Policy Sogang University Prof. Jaechun Kim

American Exceptionalism Many people say that the US is exceptional… Alexis de Toqueville (1853), Democracy in America – Socialist movements in the US are insignificant, etc.… How exceptional is the US and US Foreign Policy?

 Lipset, Seymour Martin (1997), American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword  Conflicts between classes are less severe… insignificant compared to Europe..  Socialist movements are insignificant… and challenges to the political system based on Capitalist Democracy is less significant…  Less welfare oriented…  “Statist” tradition is weak… meaning that state vis-à- vis the society is weak…  “Laissez-faire” tradition is very strong…  More individualistic…  More religious and moralistic…

 Why? How can you explain American exceptionalism?  Answers are in the exceptional origin of the state- founding and exceptional political experiences…  Answers are in the exceptional origin of the state- founding and exceptional political experiences… What are distinctive nature of origin and experiences of the US, then? What are distinctive nature of origin and experiences of the US, then?

The Start (1): The US started as a constitutional, liberal democracy … and this political system has continued over 200 years without any serious interruptions… The Start (1): The US started as a constitutional, liberal democracy … and this political system has continued over 200 years without any serious interruptions… Transition to Democracy and Capitalism in Europe involved a lot of bloodshed, class struggle, and … socialist movements… Transition to Democracy and Capitalism in Europe involved a lot of bloodshed, class struggle, and … socialist movements… Europeans had to overcome political order of “ancient regime” and economic order of “feudalism.” Europeans had to overcome political order of “ancient regime” and economic order of “feudalism.”

 Less severe conflicts between classes; insignificant socialist movements; insignificant challenge to the political system based on capitalist democracy…  Less severe conflicts between classes; insignificant socialist movements; insignificant challenge to the political system based on capitalist democracy… The Start (2): Another important thing about American nation-founding and political experiences… The Start (2): Another important thing about American nation-founding and political experiences…  What is the ‘philosophical’ underpinning of the nation-founding…?  What is the ‘philosophical’ underpinning of the nation-founding…?  The US is the first country, the founding of which was based on the principle of “(Classical) Liberalism”  The US is the first country, the founding of which was based on the principle of “(Classical) Liberalism”

What is the political and economic philosophy that dominated American revolution and American nation-founding? What is the political and economic philosophy that dominated American revolution and American nation-founding?  Classical Liberalism What is (Classical) Liberalism? What is (Classical) Liberalism? It was political and economic philosophy which was opposed to the political order of ancient regime and economic order of feudalism… It was political and economic philosophy which was opposed to the political order of ancient regime and economic order of feudalism… Came from the Enlightenment Period of the 18 th century Europe… Came from the Enlightenment Period of the 18 th century Europe…

What is Political Liberalism? What is Political Liberalism? John Locke –“sovereign rights reside within the people and, based on a contract with the people, leaders are given a mandate to govern, which the people can withdraw…” (Social Contract theory) John Locke –“sovereign rights reside within the people and, based on a contract with the people, leaders are given a mandate to govern, which the people can withdraw…” (Social Contract theory) cf. Louis XIV  cf. Louis XIV  l’état, c’est moi ! Declaration of Independence - “all men are created equal…” Declaration of Independence - “all men are created equal…” They wrote the constitution based on this principle…! They wrote the constitution based on this principle…!

What is Economic Liberalism? What is Economic Liberalism? laissez-faire capitalism (A. Smith) laissez-faire capitalism (A. Smith) Free Trade (D. Ricardo) Free Trade (D. Ricardo) Less regulations… market-first economic policies… Less regulations… market-first economic policies… The best government is the one that governs the least! The best government is the one that governs the least! The US – The first Liberal Democracy; The first Capitalist Economy… The US – The first Liberal Democracy; The first Capitalist Economy… The “home” or “vanguard” of Capitalist Democracy or Democratic Capitalism… The “home” or “vanguard” of Capitalist Democracy or Democratic Capitalism…

 Deeply entrenched tradition of (Classical) Liberalism explains why the US is  Less welfare oriented…  “Statist” tradition is weak… state vis-à-vis the society is weak…  “Laissez-faire” tradition is very strong…  More individualistic… etc.  Challenges to capitalist democracy have been insignificant!

Although the role of state (and the central government) has steadily increased over the time, it is still fair to say that the American state is relatively weak state – it is weak vis-à-vis society. Although the role of state (and the central government) has steadily increased over the time, it is still fair to say that the American state is relatively weak state – it is weak vis-à-vis society. Conservatives in the US believe that the governmental role in politics and economy should be limited. These are the people who prefer limited and small government… Conservatives in the US believe that the governmental role in politics and economy should be limited. These are the people who prefer limited and small government… American conservatives are classical liberals!! American conservatives are classical liberals!!

People say that the origin of the US and her distinctive political experience brought about American exceptionalism… People say that the origin of the US and her distinctive political experience brought about American exceptionalism… American exceptionalism is reflected in the way Americans run their government and also the way they conduct world affairs… American exceptionalism is reflected in the way Americans run their government and also the way they conduct world affairs…

US Foreign Policy Exceptionalism? Liberal value and institutions (both political and economic) Liberal value and institutions (both political and economic) Supreme Supreme Universal Universal Transferable Transferable To promote liberal values and institutions is “manifest destiny” – good for the US and the world! To promote liberal values and institutions is “manifest destiny” – good for the US and the world! Clear distinction between good and evil… Clear distinction between good and evil…

Exceptionalism universalizes American value… Exceptionalism universalizes American value… Exceptionalism assumes that others wish to follow the American model… Exceptionalism assumes that others wish to follow the American model… Exceptionalism relies upon a clear conception of good versus evil… Exceptionalism relies upon a clear conception of good versus evil… Exceptionalism holds that the United States is an agent of good… Exceptionalism holds that the United States is an agent of good… Exceptionalism constructs an obligation toward the US global leadership… Exceptionalism constructs an obligation toward the US global leadership… Exceptionalism is inherently optimistic…(We can fix the things!!... ) Exceptionalism is inherently optimistic…(We can fix the things!!... )

Distinct Characteristics of American Political System Division of power -- territorial and functional divisions What is Federalism? A system of government in which power is divided by a constitution between a central government and regional governments What is the opposite concept of Federalism? Unitary system - all the governing power is vested in the central government

Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances What are the tenets of American system of separation of power? Division of the state power into legislative power, administrative power, and judicial power What are the mechanisms by which these separate branches check and balance each other?