Chapter 18

Warm Up 1.Within 15 years of its settlement, the colony of Jamestown lost _________ percent of its population 80, 60, 40, 20, 10 PG The economic development of the colonies in Mexico and Peru was dominated by A.Diamond and wheat B.Copper and cattle C.Silver and gold D.Gold and cottonPG An encomienda was A.Form of forced labor and tribute B.Plantation for mining precious metals C.Plantation for growing sugar D.Agreement with AmerindiansPG The Council of Indies was created in Spain in 1524 to A.Support Spanish settlers B.Put royal power in place over population C.Prevent competition from other European nations D.Create a need to raise armies against AmerindiansPG American born Spanish whites were called Mestizos, mulattos, zambo, creoles, maroonersPG The most influential defender of the Amerinidans in the early colonial period was 7.The highest ranking Spanish official in the colonies enjoyed broad power because 8.Columbian Exchange: 9.4 goods that impacted because of the Columbian Exchange: 10.Which export product dominated the Brazilian economy by the 17 th century?

I. Plantations in the West Indies –A. Colonization before 1650 –Spanish settlers introduced sugar cane cultivation into the West Indies –French and English based on tobacco cultivation –Tobacco developed because of chartered companies and availability of cheap labor in the form of indentured servants –Chartered companies—countries give private investors monopolies over trade in certain colonies in exchange for annual fees –Indentured servants—Europeans travel to the new world and work the land for 7 years then set free and given a tract of land –Sugar industries in Brazil covered 1000 miles of coast land

–B. Sugar and Slaves –The Caribbean islands moved from a tobacco industry to a sugar industry because Africans were more accessible than Europeans and they could not compete with Virginia’s tobacco –Because of this shift in industries the Caribbean islands needed even more African slaves –20,000 slaves a year! –By 1700 the Caribbean islands surpassed Brazil in sugar exporting!!

Slaves represented 90% of the island’s population! Read pg. 502 top Hannibal was 450 tons and mounted thirty-six guns, which it was frequently forced to use; seven hundred people could be forced into its hold at one time. Many slavers rigged shelves in the middle called a "slave deck," so that individuals could not even sit upright during the entire voyage. The owners of the ship were paid ₤10.50 for every slave, but only those brought to the "New World" alive. As a result, the slaves were fed regularly twice a day a meal of corn meal and beans, given a liter of water per day, and given exercise for an hour every evening to keep them fit. Despite these efforts, an average 20% of the slaves died

II. Plantation Life in the 18 th century –A. Technology and Environment –For sugar cane to be successful the sugar had to be processed on site –The average sugar plantation was 300 acres –B. Slaves’ Lives –Profitability depended on extracting as much sugar as possible –Slaves would work up to 18 hours a day –Skilled slaves would receive rewards like food or clothing or time off –Those who fell behind felt the sting of the whip –On Sunday the slaves were allowed to cultivate their crops and maintain their dwellings

–C. Free Whites and Free Blacks –Plantation owners would accrue lots of wealth leading to political power in their colonies –It is estimated that 100,000 dollars was needed to acquire a small plantation in Jamaica –Slave owners who fathered children from slave women would give the woman and the child freedom –Manumission—legal grant of freedom by an owner –Free blacks that escaped from plantations were called maroons

III. Creating the Atlantic Economy –A. Capitalism and Mercantilism –Monopoly control from the European countries was not working; they turned to mercantilism and capitalism. These protected private enterprises in the Atlantic economy –Capitalism included banks, stocks, and chartered companies –Mercantilism promotes private investments and capital from precious metals –Dutch were eliminated from competition in the New World by the French and English by war and high tariffs

–B. Atlantic Circuit –Trade routes going from Europe to Africa to the plantations of the colonies and back to Europe –Chartered companies (17 th century) and private traders (18 th century) would transport the slaves –1808: Slavery transportation was made illegal –1 out of 6 slaves died on the Middle Passage –Middle Passage = journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, usually lasted three to six weeks –Horrible conditions and high death rate – 20% did not survive

Triangular Trade = pattern of trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas Europe America Africa Middle Passage

IV. Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam –A. The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast –African countries raised the price of slaves as the demand rose –Europeans would trade firearms for slaves; causing warfare in Africa –Slaves were mostly prisoners of war

Warm Up 1.What company established Jamestown: 2.What product saved the economy of Jamestown: 3.Explain the idea of indentured servants and why was it successful? 4.2 reasons why tobacco developed: 5.Why did the Caribbean Islands turn to sugar? 6.Manumission: 7.Marooners: 8.Middle Passage: 9.Triangle Trade: