25-1 The Beginnings of Industrialization The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries.

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain  New Ways of Working Industrial Revolution—greatly increases output of machine-made goods. Industrial Revolution—greatly increases output of machine-made goods. Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s. Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s.

Disadvantages of the old system Field left fallow People have to walk over your strips to reach theirs No proper drainage Animals can trample crops and spread disease Difficult to take advantage of new farming techniques Because land in different fields takes time to get to each field No hedges or fences

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain  The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers. Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers. Enclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methods Enclosures allowed experimentation with new agricultural methods Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or give up farming and move to cities Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or give up farming and move to cities

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain  Rotating Crops Crop rotation— switching crops each year to avoid depleting soil Crop rotation— switching crops each year to avoid depleting soil Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply. Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply. Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain  Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England Industrialization—move to machine production of goods Industrialization—move to machine production of goods Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbors Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment Britain has all needed factors of production— land, labor, capital Britain has all needed factors of production— land, labor, capital

Factors of Production: Land  Great Britain had great natural resources coal for fuel coal for fuel iron for steel & machinery iron for steel & machinery waterways (rivers & canals) to generate power and transport raw materials and goods waterways (rivers & canals) to generate power and transport raw materials and goods

Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Factors of Production: Labor  Great Britain’s population grew because of greater food supply  enclosure movement took land away from small farmers resulted in surplus of available workers resulted in surplus of available workers

Factors of Production: Capital  capital is the money or property a business needs to stay in business  capital can be money, machines, or people people who specialized in one area had abilities and skills to their advantages people who specialized in one area had abilities and skills to their advantages

A Revolution in Textiles  a cottage industry is an occupation in which you make a craft and it is done in your home  making cloth had been a cottage industry  cloth was made mostly with wool

A New Way of Making Cloth  cloth was now made from wool and cotton more sheep could be raised due to the enclosure movement more sheep could be raised due to the enclosure movement cotton came to Great Britain from the colonies cotton came to Great Britain from the colonies  new inventions helped the process of cloth making

Inventions Spur Industrialization  Changes in the Textile Industry Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels

Cotton Gin  invented by Eli Whitney  removed seeds from raw cotton

Spinning Jenny  invented by James Hargreaves  spun multiple threads at one time threads were still thick and broke easily threads were still thick and broke easily

Spinning Frame  invented by Richard Arkwright  similar to the spinning jenny spun stronger, thinner threads spun stronger, thinner threads

“Flying Shuttle”  invented by John Kay  pushed thread back and forth on loom automatically had been done by the weaver pushing the shuttle back and forth had been done by the weaver pushing the shuttle back and forth allowed for looms to be wider than arm’s width allowed for looms to be wider than arm’s width

Power Loom  invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785  automated the weaving process

Cloth Making Outside the Home  new inventions to speed up the cloth making process were big machines  machines needed a special place to house them  cloth now made in FACTORIES

Improvements in Transportation  Watt’s Steam Engine Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development for steam engine Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development for steam engine James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton Boulton was an entrepreneur – organizes, manages, takes business risks Boulton was an entrepreneur – organizes, manages, takes business risks

James Watt Michael Boulton

Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine. Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine

Water Transportation  Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807  England’s water transport improved by system of canals

 Road Transportation  British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads

The Railway Age Begins  Steam-Driven Locomotives  In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive  In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad line

The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad  Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester  Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as best locomotive (1829)

The Impact of the Railroad

Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain  Railroads spur industrial growth  Creates jobs  Cheaper transportation boosts many industries  People move to cities

A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

Rocket replica