English Law & Civil War Democracy Develops in England

Democracy Develops  Democracy had been developing gradually throughout history Greece: Athens (Assembly and Courts) Rome: Republics  Finally, it began to take root in England

King Henry II  King Henry II – made a significant change to move England toward democracy Trial by Jury  Not a jury as we know it today. Instead it was 12 that uncovered facts about a case  Led to Common Law (customs and principles established over time through court rulings)

King John  King John – Unpopular king who fought a costly war with France and lost. Now had to raise taxes to pay for the war  People were angry and nobles rebelled and forced him to grant them political rights (Magna Carta or “Great Charter”)  Magna Carta contract between kings and nobles Limited power of the king over his subjects MAJOR THEME: Kings now had to govern according to law (rule of law) 63 clauses  Example: King can ’ t tax without consent

King Edward I  King Edward needed money for wars/pay debt which the people disapproved Nobles now wanted a say in how the kingdom was run  Brought together lords, clergy, knights, and burgesses (leading citizens) in the very first Parliament

Parliament  What did Parliament do? Voted on Taxes Helped Edward I make reforms Consolidated Laws  By the mid 1300s, Parliament was divided into two houses 1) House of Commons (knights and burgesses/lower house) 2) House of Lords (nobles and bishops)

Parliament  Guided Reading  In pairs, read the narrative (p ) on the creation of Parliament.  As you read, underline important points of the story you/partner feel are integral to the story.  After reading each section (3 total), complete the guided question with your partner.  When done with the reading/questions, we will review as a class and submit.

Parliament  Section 1 (up to p. 308) How did Simon de Montfort change Parliament for the better? Who comes to power after Simon?

Parliament  Section 2 (up to p. 309) How did King Edward feel about Simon’s form of Parliament?

Parliament  Section 3 (up to p. 312) How did Parliament increase its power over the King? How did Parliament begin to make laws for England? How did the House of Commons increase its power in Parliament?

Parliament  Name 3 positive consequences as a result of the creation of Parliament.  We will discuss then move on to our next topic.

Blaat Activity Questions  What is a Civil War?  What is a Revolution?  How are both actions similar?  How are they different?  Explain how conflicts within a society can lead to revolution or unrest. Provided specific examples from the Blaat activity and the content discussed in class to support your conclusions.

King James I  James I (king in 1603) believed in the divine right  Problems exist with Parliament because of this and his need for money (to pay off a debt)  Religious issues also prevailed A new group called the Puritans want to purify the Church of England They ask James I for reforms but he says no – many move to North America

King Charles I  Charles I (son of King James) also wanted money for war and opposed Puritans  Parliament agrees as long as Charles agrees to the Petition of Right No taxing without Parliaments consent No imprisoning citizens illegally No housing troops in citizens ’ homes  Charles signs but ignores it later  Civil War breaks out!

English Civil War  Parliament Wins, King Charles I is executed  New gov ’ t is formed (a commonwealth) under Oliver Cromwell Complete obedience required Closed theaters/entertainment venues  Citizens are unhappy Impact of Hobbes’ view on monarchs They want their king back

Monarchy Restored  Oliver Cromwell died in 1658  His son Richards became the ruler of England – he was unable to maintain the gov ’ t People were tired of military rule and Puritan laws  1660, newly elected Parliament restored the monarchy under Charles II (Restoration)

King James II (1685)  Catholic!  Why is this a problem for the people?  Allowed people of all Christian faiths to worship freely

James II  Absolute Power!  Why is this a problem for the people?  Claimed he had the right to suspend law

James II  1688 – second wife has a son  Why is this a problem for the people?  Catholic son would inherit the throne Not Mary, his protestant daughter

Glorious Revolution  Whigs & Tories united & forced James to flee the country  Mary & her husband, William of Orange, peacefully took over the throne

William & Mary  Agreed to rule according to Parliament’s laws Common Law Bill of Rights