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Chapter 17: Enlightenment Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei “Father of Observational Astronomy,” his ideas were questioned by the Catholic Church “Father of Observational Astronomy,” his ideas were questioned by the Catholic Church Issac Newton Issac Newton Scientist who defined laws of motion and gravity Scientist who defined laws of motion and gravity Francis Bacon Francis Bacon Created organization method to experiments Hypotheses Created organization method to experiments Hypotheses Copernicus Copernicus Discovered that the planets revolved around the sun (heliocentric) Discovered that the planets revolved around the sun (heliocentric)

Chapter 17: Enlightenment Rousseau Rousseau Believed in a social contract among individuals in a society Believed in a social contract among individuals in a society Adam Smith Adam Smith Influenced American economy with ideas of a free enterprise system Influenced American economy with ideas of a free enterprise system Montesquieu Montesquieu Ideas of government included separation of powers (3 Branches of government) Ideas of government included separation of powers (3 Branches of government) Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes Believed a society must agree to be governed by an absolute ruler Believed a society must agree to be governed by an absolute ruler John Locke John Locke Believed individuals are born with natural rights and government must protect rights Believed individuals are born with natural rights and government must protect rights

American Revolution George Washington George Washington Commander of the Continental Army, 1 st President of the USA Commander of the Continental Army, 1 st President of the USA Thomas Jefferson- Thomas Jefferson- Writer of the Declaration of Independence Writer of the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence Made America free from England Made America free from England

American Revolution Articles of Confederation (Who had power? Major Weakness?) Articles of Confederation (Who had power? Major Weakness?) National gov’t weak- no power National gov’t weak- no power State gov’t powerful– had all the power State gov’t powerful– had all the power Checks & Balances Checks & Balances One branch of gov’t limits the power of the other One branch of gov’t limits the power of the other Separation of Powers Separation of Powers 3 branches of gov’t 3 branches of gov’t

American Revolution Federalism Federalism Power is shared by the national and state governments Power is shared by the national and state governments Bill of Rights Bill of Rights 1 st 10 Amendments to the US Constitution 1 st 10 Amendments to the US Constitution Unalienable Rights Unalienable Rights Basic rights a person gets at birth Basic rights a person gets at birth

Chapter 18: French Revolution Tennis Court Oath Tennis Court Oath a vow to continue to meet until they had produced a French constitution a vow to continue to meet until they had produced a French constitution Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (Gave what rights to whom?) Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (Gave what rights to whom?) Gave equal rights to the French (left out the French women) Gave equal rights to the French (left out the French women) Taille Taille French tax French tax Third Estate Third Estate The class in France who had to pay the Taille The class in France who had to pay the Taille

Chapter 18: French Revolution How was one promoted within Napoleon’s bureaucracy? How was one promoted within Napoleon’s bureaucracy? based on ability only, not rank or birth based on ability only, not rank or birth Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase Sold by Napoleon, doubled the size of the US Sold by Napoleon, doubled the size of the US How was Napoleon’s Grand Army defeated by the Russians? How was Napoleon’s Grand Army defeated by the Russians? By retreating hundreds of miles and burning their own villages and countryside. By retreating hundreds of miles and burning their own villages and countryside.

Chapter 19-20: Industrial Revolution IR created new jobs in the following areas (3): IR created new jobs in the following areas (3): Railroad Construction, Factory Production, Coal Mining Railroad Construction, Factory Production, Coal Mining 1st industry to be affected by IR? 1st industry to be affected by IR? Textiles (Cotton Cloth) Textiles (Cotton Cloth)

Chapter 19-20: Industrial Revolution What was the greatest social change during the IR? What was the greatest social change during the IR? the emergence of the middle class and the working class. the emergence of the middle class and the working class. Why did urban population grow during the 2nd IR (3)? Why did urban population grow during the 2nd IR (3)? More people moved to the cities for jobs, better living conditions people lived longer, urban life was easier More people moved to the cities for jobs, better living conditions people lived longer, urban life was easier

Chapter 19-20: Industrial Revolution Charles Darwin Charles Darwin Author of the “Survival of the Fittest” theory Author of the “Survival of the Fittest” theory Triple Entente Triple Entente Great Britain, Russia, France Great Britain, Russia, France Triple Alliance Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Chapter 23: World War I M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI (4): M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI (4): Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalsim Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalsim Event that started WWI Event that started WWI The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Schlieffen Plan Schlieffen Plan Germany’s plan for a war on two fronts Germany’s plan for a war on two fronts

Chapter 23: World War I What caused US to enter WWI? What caused US to enter WWI? Unrestricted Submarine warfare, Zimmermann Telegraph Unrestricted Submarine warfare, Zimmermann Telegraph What was decided at the Paris Peace Conference (Treaty of Versailles)? What was decided at the Paris Peace Conference (Treaty of Versailles)? Germany was at fault for the war Germany was at fault for the war Harsh peace terms for Germany Harsh peace terms for Germany

Chapter 24 & 26: World War II Blitzkrieg Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” a form of attack that used tank divisions supported by air attacks “Lightning War” a form of attack that used tank divisions supported by air attacks Dictator Dictator Someone in complete control of his/her country Someone in complete control of his/her country Fascist Fascist -political philosophy that emphasizes the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler -political philosophy that emphasizes the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler

Chapter 24 & 26: World War II Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler Dictator of Germany Dictator of Germany Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini Dictator for Italy Dictator for Italy Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin Dictator of U.S.S.R (Russia) Dictator of U.S.S.R (Russia)

Chapter 24 & 26: World War II Holocaust Holocaust The slaughter of European civilians, particularly European Jews, by the Nazis The slaughter of European civilians, particularly European Jews, by the Nazis Kristallnacht Kristallnacht Knight of the shattered glass- Nazis targeted Synagogues and Jewish businesses Knight of the shattered glass- Nazis targeted Synagogues and Jewish businesses Nuremberg Laws Nuremberg Laws They excluded Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and Germans They excluded Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and Germans Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact An agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack/invade each other’s country-left Hilter free to invade Poland An agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack/invade each other’s country-left Hilter free to invade Poland

Chapter 24 & 26: World War II December 7, 1941 December 7, 1941 a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor by Japan a surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor by Japan D-Day Operation Overlord; History’s greatest naval invasion D-Day Operation Overlord; History’s greatest naval invasion Island-hopping Island-hopping U.S. Plan to capture some Japanese-held islands and bypass others U.S. Plan to capture some Japanese-held islands and bypass others

Chapter 24 & 26: World War II Manhattan Project Manhattan Project Plan to develop the Atomic Bomb Plan to develop the Atomic Bomb Cold War Cold War the period of political tension following World War II the period of political tension following World War II Iron Curtain Iron Curtain Division between communist and non- communist countries