Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.1 Technology In Action Chapter 11 Behind the Scenes: Databases and Information Systems Chapter 11 Behind the Scenes: Databases and Information Systems NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.2 ObjectivesObjectives Databases and their usesDatabases and their uses Database componentsDatabase components Types of databasesTypes of databases Database management systemsDatabase management systems Relational databasesRelational databases Data warehouses and data martsData warehouses and data marts Information systemsInformation systems Data miningData mining Databases and their usesDatabases and their uses Database componentsDatabase components Types of databasesTypes of databases Database management systemsDatabase management systems Relational databasesRelational databases Data warehouses and data martsData warehouses and data marts Information systemsInformation systems Data miningData mining NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.3 Life without database

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.4 DatabasesDatabases Electronic collections of related dataElectronic collections of related data Help us organize dataHelp us organize data Turn data into informationTurn data into information Electronic collections of related dataElectronic collections of related data Help us organize dataHelp us organize data Turn data into informationTurn data into information NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.5 Advantages of Using Databases Enable information sharingEnable information sharing Data centralization Data integrityData integrity FlexibilityFlexibility Enable information sharingEnable information sharing Data centralization Data integrityData integrity FlexibilityFlexibility Student housing Financial Aid Recording grades Student Registration Parents Student Information Database NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.6 Database Terminology Field:Field: –Category of information displayed in columns Data types:Data types: –Text –Numeric –Date –Memo –Object –Hyperlink Field:Field: –Category of information displayed in columns Data types:Data types: –Text –Numeric –Date –Memo –Object –Hyperlink Field Name One Field NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.7 Database Terminology Record Table Primary Key Record:Record: –A group of related fields Table:Table: –A group of related records Primary key:Primary key: –A field value unique to a record Record:Record: –A group of related fields Table:Table: –A group of related records Primary key:Primary key: –A field value unique to a record NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.8 Database Types Relational databases:Relational databases: –Organize data in a table –Link tables to each other through their primary keys Object-oriented databases: Object-oriented databases: –Stores data in objects –Handles unstructured data Object-relational databases:Object-relational databases: –A hybrid of a relational and object-oriented database Relational databases:Relational databases: –Organize data in a table –Link tables to each other through their primary keys Object-oriented databases: Object-oriented databases: –Stores data in objects –Handles unstructured data Object-relational databases:Object-relational databases: –A hybrid of a relational and object-oriented database NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.9 Database Management Systems (DBMS) Application software designed to acquire and analyze dataApplication software designed to acquire and analyze data Four main operations of a DBMS are:Four main operations of a DBMS are: –Creating databases and entering data Creating databases and entering dataCreating databases and entering data –Viewing and sorting data Viewing and sorting dataViewing and sorting data –Extracting data Extracting dataExtracting data –Outputting data Outputting dataOutputting data Application software designed to acquire and analyze dataApplication software designed to acquire and analyze data Four main operations of a DBMS are:Four main operations of a DBMS are: –Creating databases and entering data Creating databases and entering dataCreating databases and entering data –Viewing and sorting data Viewing and sorting dataViewing and sorting data –Extracting data Extracting dataExtracting data –Outputting data Outputting dataOutputting data NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.10 Creating Databases and Entering Data JasonAlexander123 Elm St.AnywhereUS12345 Create field names:Create field names: –Identify each type of data –Data dictionary Create individual records:Create individual records: –Key-in –Import Data validation:Data validation: –Validation rules –Completeness check Create field names:Create field names: –Identify each type of data –Data dictionary Create individual records:Create individual records: –Key-in –Import Data validation:Data validation: –Validation rules –Completeness check

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.11 Viewing and Sorting Data Browse through recordsBrowse through records Sort records by field nameSort records by field name Browse through recordsBrowse through records Sort records by field nameSort records by field name Before sort After sort

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.12 Extracting or Querying Data Query:Query: –A question or inquiry –Provides records based on criteria –Structured query language (SQL) Query:Query: –A question or inquiry –Provides records based on criteria –Structured query language (SQL) Query Wizard Results SQL

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.13 Outputting Data Reports:Reports: –Printed –Summary data reports Export dataExport data Reports:Reports: –Printed –Summary data reports Export dataExport data

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.14 Relational Database Operations Relational databases organize data into tables based on logical groupingsRelational databases organize data into tables based on logical groupings Relationships are links between tables with related dataRelationships are links between tables with related data Common fields between tables need to existCommon fields between tables need to exist Normalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancyNormalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancy Relational databases organize data into tables based on logical groupingsRelational databases organize data into tables based on logical groupings Relationships are links between tables with related dataRelationships are links between tables with related data Common fields between tables need to existCommon fields between tables need to exist Normalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancyNormalization of data (recording data once) reduces data redundancy NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.15 Data Storage Data warehouses:Data warehouses: –A large scale repository of data –Organizes all the data related to an organization –Data is organized by subject Data warehouses:Data warehouses: –A large scale repository of data –Organizes all the data related to an organization –Data is organized by subject NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.16 Data marts Small slices of data Data of a single department Data warehouse illustration Source data InternalInternal ExternalExternal CustomersCustomers Data staging Extract data from sourceExtract data from source Reformat the dataReformat the data Store the dataStore the data Source data InternalInternal ExternalExternal CustomersCustomers Data staging Extract data from sourceExtract data from source Reformat the dataReformat the data Store the dataStore the data Populating Data Warehouses NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.17 Data Warehouse Source Data (Internal & External Sources) Supplier Database Web Users Clickstream Data Data Staging Data Marts Information Systems (To Extract Data) Customer Order Database Billing Database Data Reformatting Sales Department Data Mart Customer Service Data Mart

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.18 Managing Data: Information Systems Information systems:Information systems: –Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze information Functions performed by information systems include:Functions performed by information systems include: –Acquiring data –Processing data into information –Storing data –Providing output options Information systems:Information systems: –Software-based solutions used to gather and analyze information Functions performed by information systems include:Functions performed by information systems include: –Acquiring data –Processing data into information –Storing data –Providing output options NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.19 Information Systems Categories Office supportOffice supportOffice supportOffice support Transaction processingTransaction processingTransaction processingTransaction processing ManagementManagementManagement Decision supportDecision supportDecision supportDecision support Office supportOffice supportOffice supportOffice support Transaction processingTransaction processingTransaction processingTransaction processing ManagementManagementManagement Decision supportDecision supportDecision supportDecision support NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.20 Office Support Systems (OSS) Assist employees in day-to-day tasksAssist employees in day-to-day tasks Improve communicationsImprove communications Microsoft OfficeMicrosoft Office Assist employees in day-to-day tasksAssist employees in day-to-day tasks Improve communicationsImprove communications Microsoft OfficeMicrosoft Office

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.21 Transaction Processing Systems (TSS) Keeps track of everyday business activitiesKeeps track of everyday business activities Batch processingBatch processing Real-time processingReal-time processing Keeps track of everyday business activitiesKeeps track of everyday business activities Batch processingBatch processing Real-time processingReal-time processing Step 1: Consumer places an order Step 2: Clerk takes order Details of Order: Item# Quantity Price Delivery Address Step 3: Order details entered into TPS Telephone Order Transaction Processing Cycle Step 4: Shipping department processes order Step 5: Billing department processes payment

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.22 Management Information Systems (MIS) Provides timely and accurate information for managers to make business decisionsProvides timely and accurate information for managers to make business decisions Detail report: – Transactions that occur during a period of time Summary report: – Consolidate detailed data Exception report: – Show unusual conditions

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.23 Decision Support Systems (DSS) Help managers develop solutions for specific problemsHelp managers develop solutions for specific problems Internal & External Data Sources Current Sales Data Current Customer Demographics Purchased Customer List Internal Data Management Systems (Databases, Data Marts, Data Warehouses) Decision Support System Internal Models External Models Model Management System Knowledge- Based Systems User Interface System

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.24 Data Mining Process by which data are analyzed and investigatedProcess by which data are analyzed and investigated Objective is to spot patterns or trends within the dataObjective is to spot patterns or trends within the data Process by which data are analyzed and investigatedProcess by which data are analyzed and investigated Objective is to spot patterns or trends within the dataObjective is to spot patterns or trends within the data NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.25 Data Mining Methods Classification:Classification: –Define data classes Estimation:Estimation: –Assign a value to data Affinity grouping or association rules:Affinity grouping or association rules: –Determine which data goes together Clustering:Clustering: –Organize data into subgroups Description and visualization:Description and visualization: –Provides a clear picture of what is happening Classification:Classification: –Define data classes Estimation:Estimation: –Assign a value to data Affinity grouping or association rules:Affinity grouping or association rules: –Determine which data goes together Clustering:Clustering: –Organize data into subgroups Description and visualization:Description and visualization: –Provides a clear picture of what is happening NEXT SLIDE

Technology In Action Chapter 11 © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.26 Chapter 11 Summary Questions What is a database and why is it beneficial to use databases?What is a database and why is it beneficial to use databases? What components make up a database?What components make up a database? What types of databases are there?What types of databases are there? What do database management systems do?What do database management systems do? How do relational databases organize and manipulate data?How do relational databases organize and manipulate data? What is data mining?What is data mining? What is a database and why is it beneficial to use databases?What is a database and why is it beneficial to use databases? What components make up a database?What components make up a database? What types of databases are there?What types of databases are there? What do database management systems do?What do database management systems do? How do relational databases organize and manipulate data?How do relational databases organize and manipulate data? What is data mining?What is data mining? NEXT SLIDE