1 Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.1: The Language of Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.2: Basic Physiological Processes Lesson 1.3: How Forces Affect the Body Lesson 1.4: Understanding Science

The Language of Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.1 The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

The Language of Anatomy and Physiology introducing anatomy and physiology describing the human body the metric system

Introducing Anatomy and Physiology human anatomy identify the parts of the human body; study of form/structure gross human anatomy: study of the body structures we can see with our eyes. microscopic human anatomy: study of tiny structures seen only with a microscope human physiology how the parts of the human body function

Describing the Human Body anatomical position: normal standing position, feet slightly apart, face, shoulders and palms forward. planes Sagittal (left and right halves) Frontal (front and back halves) Transverse (top and bottom halves)

Common Directional Terms

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. The frontal plane divides the body into left and right halves. 2. Proximal means closer to the trunk. 3. Lateral means away from the midline of the body.

Body Cavities dorsal (posterior) cavities ventral (anterior) cavities cranial spinal ventral (anterior) cavities thoracic abdominopelvic abdominal pelvic

The Metric System System for numerical quantities Used in all fields of science Metric conversions are easy because everything (except time) is based on a factor of 10 Four base units>> meter–measures length kilogram–measures mass second–measures time Kelvin–measures temperature

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: diaphragm, kilogram, or thoracic. 1. The heart is located in the _______________ cavity. 2. The _______________ separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 3. The metric base unit of mass is the _______________.

Basic Physiological Processes Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.2 Basic Physiological Processes

Basic Physiological Processes structural and functional organization of the body Body is organized into specialized systems that carry out precise functions Many systems affect other systems

Structural Organization of the Body Cells-composed of organized groups of specialized molecules Tissues-formed by groups of similar cells with a common function Four basic types 1) epithelial, 2) connective, 3)muscular, and 4) neural Organs perform a specific function, composed of at least 2 different types of tissue. organ systems- includes 2 or more organs that work together Nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and all nerves) Cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels)

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: cardiovascular, skeletal, or urinary. 1. The _______________ system supports the body. 2. The _______________ system eliminates waste. 3. The _______________ system transports oxygen.

Homeostasis Regulated physiological balance—controls factors such as body temp, blood pressure, blood sugar, water balance, and sodium levels Controlled through homeostatic mechanisms All mechanisms have three receptor control center effector Rido/Shutterstock.com

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms All control mechanisms have three things in common 1: a change in the environment stimulates a sensory receptor nerve which sends a message to a… 2: control center along an afferent pathway, which analyzes the info, if action is needed to maintain homeostasis, the control center sends a command stimulus to an.. 3: effector along an efferent pathway. The effector causes an action that helps maintain homeostasis. The nervous and endocrine systems initiate most homeostatic responses

Homeostasis Negative Feedback Most homeostatic mechanisms conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction trigger a negative reaction in the opposite direction, restoring the system to the set point Works like the thermostat in your home Ex: When body temp is too hot, body sweats and vessels dilate, to cool the body. When it is too cold, muscles start to shiver and vessels constrict, to generate heat and reduce heat loss.

Homeostasis Positive Feedback Increase disruptive influences Ex: blood clotting, transmitting nerve signals, stimulating contractions during childbirth

Homeostatic Imbalance organ systems have a diminished ability to keep the body’s internal environment within the normal ranges Aging process Can lead to chronic diseases Type II diabetes

Metabolism All the chemical reactions occurring in body’s cells anabolism big molecules made from smaller molecules catabolism big molecule broken into smaller molecules metabolic rate Speed with which the body consumes energy…also the rate of ATP (adenosine triphosphate, energy currency of cell) production

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Negative feedback mechanisms increase disruptive forces. 2. Homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a steady internal environment. 3. Anabolism breaks molecules down.

How Forces Affect the Body Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.3 How Forces Affect the Body

How Forces Affect the Body basic kinetic concepts Kinetics: analysis of the actions of forces forces and injury to the human body

Basic Kinetic Concepts force push or pull mass and weight pressure force spread over an area torque twisting force

Forces and Injury to the Human Body compression squeezing force tension pulling force shear tearing apart force

Combined Loads = multiple forces acting at same time (two or more) bending off-center force torsion Occurs when a structure is forced to twist about its length Usually one end of structure is fixed

The Effects of Force Application Acceleration- change in velocity of object Deformation- change in shape Elastic: caused by small forces, when force is removed tissue returns to original size & shape Plastic: force causes deformation to exceed tissue’s elastic limit, causing some about of permanent deformation. Results in injury. Repetitive vs. Acute Acute: single force, ex: getting knocked over once Repetitive: small forces sustained repeatedly may result in injury, hairline fracture in foot from running.

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: tension, kinetics, pressure, torsion. 1. analysis of force action 2. twisting force 3. pulling force 4. force spread over an area

Understanding Science Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.4 Understanding Science

Understanding Science the scientific method developing scientific theories the impact of scientific research

Science creates new knowledge testable explanations testable predictions

The Scientific Method Step 1: Identifying a Research Question Step 2: Formulating One or More Hypotheses Step 3: Planning the Organization of the Study Step 4: Collecting the Data

The Scientific Method (continued) Step 5: Analyzing and Evaluating the Data with Statistical Tools Step 6: Interpreting and Discussing the Results Step 7: Deriving Conclusions from the Results

Developing Scientific Theories tested through the scientific method accurate explanation of some aspect of the natural world

Early Greek and Roman Anatomists Aristotle wrote On the Parts of Animals Galen compiled numerous anatomical reports first to assert that the brain controls muscles

Anatomists in the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci The Vitruvian Man Andreas Vesalius De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body) William Harvey one of the first accurate descriptions of human physiology Reed/Shutterstock.com

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: scientific theory, science, or Galen. 1. _______________ creates new knowledge. 2. A(n) _______________ is an accurate explanation of some aspect of the natural world. 3. The early Greek and Roman anatomists were Aristotle and _______________.