Forschungszentrum Jülich in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft "Hadron and Nuclear Physics in Europe: Tools for the Future" Hans Ströher, IKP, FZJ, Germany

Organization Germany: „ Komitee für Hadronen- und Kernphysik“ (KHuK) Gisela Anton (Univ. Erlangen) Peter Braun-Munzinger (GSI, Univ. Darmstadt) Dietrich Habs (LMU Munich) Hartmut Backe (Univ. Mainz) Fritz Klein (Univ. Bonn) Kai Königsmann(Univ. Freiburg) Reiner Krücken (TU Munich)Volker Metag(Univ. Giessen) Horst Lenske (Univ. GiessenThomas Walcher(Univ. Mainz) Hans Ströher (FZJ, Univ. Cologne) W. Weise (TU Munich) Europe: “Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee” (NuPECC) – An Expert Committee for the ESF Claude Amsler (Zürich, Switzerland)Mark Huyse(Leuven, Belgium) Christoph Bargholtz (Stockholm, Sweden) Jerzy Jastrzebski (Warsaw, Poland) Tullio Bressani (Turn, Italy) Rauno Julin (Jyväskylä, Finland) Jan Dobes (Rez, Czech Republik) Attila Krashnahorkay (Debrecen, Hungary) Ana Maia Eiro (Lisbon, Prtugal) Hartmut Leeb(Vienna, Austria) Graciano Fortuna (Legnaro, Italy) Mario Lazano(Sevilla, Spain) Brian Fulton (York, UK) Gunnar Lovhoiden (Oslo, Norway) Dominique Goutte (Caen, France) Karsten Riisager (Aarhus, Denmark) Daniel Guerreau (Paris, France) Günter Rosner(Glasgow, UK) Dominique Guillemaud-Mueller (Orsay, France)Hans Ströher(Jülich, Germany) Muhsin Harakeh (KVI, Groningen, NL) Gerard van der Steenhoven (Amsterdam, NL) Walter Henning (Darmstadt, Germany) Thomas Walcher(Mainz, Germany)

Europe EU (15) … until April`04

Europe Area (EU 15): ~ x 10 6 km 2 (EU 25): 1.25  (US): ~  2 Population (EU 15): 378 million (EU 25): 455 (US): (official) languages I3HP EURONS

Outline Existing facilities: Status and Future Hadron Physics Nuclear (Structure) Physics New facilities:Status and Time Schedule ALICE FAIR FRM II SPIRAL-2 EURISOL

Hadron Physics – Hardware Overview Electromagnetic probes: - MAMI (Mainz, Germany) - ELSA (Bonn, Germany) - DANE (Frascati, Italy) - HERMES (DESY, Germany) - COMPASS (CERN) Hadronic probes: - CELSIUS (Uppsala, Sweden) - COSY (Jülich, Germany) - GSI (Darmstadt, Germany) - COMPASS (CERN) +

MAMI (Mainz, Germany) Status:MAMI B (E e ~ 855 MeV) Future:Upgrade: DSM; MAMI C (E e ~ 1500 MeV) First beam: 1/2006; Start full program: 6/2007

ELSA (Bonn, Germany) Status:E e ~ 3.5 GeV Future: No major upgrade foreseen

Some physics … Hadron structure and dynamics: Spectroscopy Evolution of hadron picture Form factors Shape of nucleon / 

Some physics results… Hadron structure and dynamics: GDH Sum RuleNucleon Form Factors p(e, e´p) MAMI ELSA MAMI

DANE (Frascati, Italy) Status:E e = 2 x 0.51 GeV (collider  -production) L Design ~ 5 x cm -2 s -1 Future:Upgrade ideas: - Super-DANE (L) - DANE-2 (E)

DANE (Frascati, Italy) Experiments: DEAR

Some physics … Exotic atoms Hypernuclei 6.48 keV

Some physics results… Hadron structure and dynamics: Kaonic HydrogenHypernuclei Preliminary DEAR-result Candidate event in FINUDA

HERMES (DESY, Hamburg, Germany) Status:E e = 27.5 GeV (polarized); pol. gas target Future:PETRA, thus HERMES, will stop middle of 2007 converted into sync light facility

COMPASS (at CERN) Status:E µ = GeV/c ,K,p; E = GeV/c; polarized target Future:CERN accelerators shut down during 2005 COMPASS should continue in 2006 (council)

Some physics … Structure of hadrons: Nucleon spin structure (i.p. gluon contribution), spectroscopy Proton spin puzzle Quark distribution functions

Some physics results… Hadron structure and dynamics: Gluon polarization First HERMES-result

CELSIUS at TSL (Uppsala, Sweden) Status:E p ~ 1.6 GeV Future:CELSIUS will terminate operation summer 2005

COSY (FZ-Jülich, Germany) Status:E p ~ 2.8 GeV (3.7 GeV/c) Future:Accelerator: High energy (2 MV) e-Cooler Detectors: Transfer WASA to COSY

Some physics results… Hadron structure and dynamics:   (1540) Proton-proton cross-sections  Parity determination (A xx ) COSY results TOF at COSY

Some physics … Hadron structure and dynamics: (w/ WASA at COSY) Symmetries and symmetry breaking Rare decays (of ´) d d I=0 f 0 a 0  0 01   2    2  6  pp  pp ´ L = cm -2 s -1 (3.35 GeV/c) ~ 300 nb

GSI (Darmstadt, Germany) Status:Pion, proton, heavy ion beams Future:Ongoing upgrades of HADES and FOPI

Some physics … Hadron structure and dynamics: Chiral symmetry (restoration) NN interaction (small distance) Exotic atoms

Some physics results… Hadron structure and dynamics: pp elastic scattering Deeply bound pionic states EDDA (COSY) FRS (GSI) Yamazaki et al., PLB 418 (98) 246

Nuclear Physics – Hardware Overview Stable beams: - … (still) many ! Short lived (exotic, radioactive) beams: - CYCLONE (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) - TRIµP (KVI,Groningen, The Netherlands) - REX-ISOLDE (CERN) - SPIRAL (GANIL, France) - GSI (Darmstadt, Germany)

CYCLONE (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) Status: 30MeV (200mA) proton beam to produce RIBs and accelerate them with a K=110 cyclotron to A MeV; first RIB ( 19 N 3+ ) was accelerated in 12/1999 Future:No major upgrade plans

TRIµP (* (KVI, Groningen, The Netherlands) Status:Radioactive beams; facility currently being built … produce (AGOR), select (separator), collect, hold & manipulate (traps) radioactive nuclei ( * Trapped Radioactive Isotopes Micro-Labs for Fundamental Physics Future:Intermediate term program, no further plans yet

ISOLDE (CERN) Status:1.2 GeV p on 238 U  fission fragment separation Future:Energy upgrade of post-accelerator(4.3 MeV/u)

SPIRAL (GANIL, France) Status:Operational since 9/2001 Heavy ion beams from GANIL cylotrons (50-95 AMeV)  fragmentation (C-target)  ionization in ion source  injection and acceleration in cylotron ( AMeV) Future:Proposal for SPIRAL-2 (see below)

GSI (Darmstadt, Germany) Status:In flight facility (SIS+FRS), storage ring (ESR) Future:Ongoing upgrades (intensity) (and: FAIR; see below)

Some physics … Structure and dynamics of nuclei: (Dubna)

The NEW Facilities - Overview ALICE (LHC, CERN) FAIR (GSI, Darmstadt, Germany) FRM II (Garching, Munich, Germany) SPIRAL-2 (GANIL, Caen, France) EURISOL (?)

The NEW Facilities (I) ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment): - Heavy ion experiment at the LHC of CERN - Projected start of experiments is 2007

ALICE Physics Search for and investigation of the QGP:

The NEW Facilities (II) An “International Accelerator Facility for Beams of Ions and Antiprotons”: - top priority of german hadron and nuclear physics community (KHuK-report of 9/2002) and NuPECC - favourable evaluation by highest german science committee (“Wissenschaftsrat” in 2002) - funding decision from german government in 2/2003 – staging and at least 25% foreign funding - to be build at GSI Darmstadt; should be finished in > 2011 (depending on start) FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research)

FAIR (GSI, Darmstadt, Germany) - Proton linac (injector) - 2 synchrotons (30 GeV p) - A number of storage rings  Parallel beams operation SIS 100/300

FAIR Fields of research: a) Structure and dynamics of nuclei – Radioactive beams  Super-FRS b) Hadron structure and quark-gluon dynamics – Antiprotons (<15 GeV)  HESR, PANDA c) Nuclear matter and quark gluon plasma – Relativistic nuclear beams  CBM d) Plasma physics - Pulsed ion beams + high power laser e) Atomic physics - Highly charged ions  NESR Recent call for LoI: ASSIA, CBM, FLAIR, PANDA, PAX, … (can be downloaded from the GSI web-site:

FAIR a) Super-FRS: Radioactive beams Projectile fragmentation and fission (B-E-B method)

FAIR Physics (I) … with in-flight radioactive beams (at Super-FRS): a) Low-energy branch: -  decay spectroscopy -  spectroscopy (AGATA) - laser spectroscopy - trap experiments b) High-energy branch: - knockout reactions - (p,n) reactions - electromagnetic excitations - fission, (multi-)fragmentation, spallation c) Ring branch: - mass, lifetime measurements - scattering of light hadronic probes - electron scattering (ELISE)

FAIR b) HESR (and PANDA): Antiproton beams Momentum range: p = 1.5 – 15 GeV/c 5x10 10 stored antiprotons PANDA

FAIR Physics (II) … with cooled internal antiproton beams at HESR: Charmonium spectroscopy Gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) Charm in Nuclei (Double) Hypernuclei GPD´s from pp_bar annihilation D meson spectroscopy CP violation in strange and charm sector  Key observables: Charmonium, D mesons

FAIR c) CBM-detector (nuclear collisions): Moderate temperatures and very high baryon densities (5-10  0 ) HADES New detector

FAIR Physics (III) … with nucleon-nucleon collisions at CBM: In-medium properties of hadrons Chiral and deconfinement phase transition at high  B Critical point of strongly interacting matter Nuclear equation-of-state at high densities New states of matter at highest baryon densities  Key observables:  Charmonium, D mesons, multi-strange baryons, direct photons

The NEW Facilities (III) The “Forschungsneutronenquelle Garching FRM II”: - Neutron source (fission reactor) - Long political discussions (fuel HEU) - Built in Garching near Munich (Germany) … went critical on March 2, 2004 – power: 15 MW

FRM II Mini-D 2 UCN source : - A UCN density of about 10 4 n/cm 3 builds up in the storage tube within a few minutes. - Operated in continuous mode the source will provide a UCN flux of about 5×10 5 n/cm 2 s. Solid D 2 converter

FRM II Physics … with ultracold neutrons at FRM II: Neutron lifetime

FRM II Radioactive beams via neutron-induced fission: - MAFF (Munich Accelerator for fission fragments) fissions/s - MAFF II: post-acceleration (up to 5.9 MeV/u); requires additional building

The NEW Facilities (IV) Spiral-2 (Proposal): - RIB (ISOL); SC linac (d, 40 MeV, 5mA) as “driver” post-acceleration by (existing) cyclotron (n-induced) fissions/s on depleted U-target - Note: also intense flux of 14 MeV neutrons - timeline: ~ 2008 see:

The NEW Facilities (V) EURISOL (… the next generation European RIB facility) ISOL-principle

Summary & Outlook Nuclear and hadron physics have a strong basis in Europe New facilities are planned (and built) on a European scale, which will help to keep, and even improve, this status in the future  challenges both in financing and in manpower to build it  technological challenges  exciting physics can/will be addressed

Forschungszentrum Jülich in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft The End