The Second American Revolution 14.3

Liberty Northern Liberty –Each man enjoys the product of his labor Southern Liberty “mastership” –Power to do as they please w/ other men, and the products of other men’s labor Union victory makes the Northern understanding of freedom the national norm

Union To Lincoln the American nation embodied a set of universal ideas, centered on political democracy and human rights Gettysburg Address 1863 –Identified the nation’s mission w/ the principle that all men are created equal

A Nation New national self-consciousness –Talk of us being a nation instead of a union –A unified political entity instead of a union of separate states.

The War & American Religion Northern Protestants combined Christianity & patriotism into civic religion. War was transforming America into a true land of freedom The Battle Hymn of the Republic Lincoln used religious symbolism to generate public support Religion helped people cope w/ mass death

Liberty in Wartime Intense nationalism made criticism of the war or Lincoln’s policies seem like treason Lincoln consolidates power and twice suspended the writ of habeas corpus for people accused of “disloyal activities” 1000’s arrested –Paper editors, Dem. pol, people discouraging enlistments

Ex parte Milligan, 1866 After war the court made clear that the Constitution was not suspended in wartime

Lincoln not a Dictator Most arrested quickly released Democrat press flourished Contested elections held

Legacy War showed the fragility of civil rights in times of aggressive patriotism and demands for national unity. Continues to happen

The North’s Transformation Wartime prosperity Industry boomed (war contracts) –NE mills (blankets & uniforms) –PA coal & iron mines –Machinery improved boot & meat packing Agriculture boomed & pushed westward settlement –Machines & immigrants

Government & Economy North finally gets to do what they want Policies passed to promote economic growth

Morrill Land-Grant Act, 1862 Assist states build Colleges & Universities Agricultural & mechanical

Homestead Act, 1863 Pushed agricultural development 160 acres free to settlers By ,000 new farms

Transcontinental Railroad 1869 Huge federal land grant –100M acres Union Pacific & Central Pacific RR Co. –1 st Fed. corporate charter since 2 nd Bank ,000 men (Irish & Chinese immigrants) Omaha to SF

Results Expands national markets Spreads settlement & investment west Dooms the Plains Indians

The War & Native Americans Western troops removed least to increased Indian settler conflicts –Sioux attack in MN Navajo removed to reservation Slave-owning tribes like Cherokee side w/ Confederacy

New Financial System Needed to pay for war Tariff super high Taxes on production & consumption 1 st income tax “greenback” dollars –National currency –Issued by national banks

Captains of Industry Wartime policies benefited northern manufacturers, railroad men, & financiers Andrew Carnegie – iron & steel John Rockefeller – oil Jay Gould – financier JP Morgan – financier Philip Armour - meat

Avoiding the Draft Many escaped military service by purchasing exemption or hiring a substitute

Result Union’s economic policies increased power & size of federal gov’t Fed. govt nations largest employer –Clerks, tax collectors, officials Temporary, but fed workforce would never return to prewar level

Women & the War Join workforce as nurses, factory workers, gov’t clerks Many northern women took part in humanitarian orgs. Northern women gained a taste of independence Clara Barton - Am Red Cross

The Divided North Copperheads – opposed to the war Mounting casualties & rapid changes in society divide north Disaffection strongest in states w/ southern born pop. OH, IN, IL Working class Catholics eastern cities

Northern Social Tensions Growing federal power Draft law causes widespread indignation Workers resent manufacturers & financiers who reaped large profits while workers fell behind (inflation) –Labor movement back / strikes Racist reaction to change in station of blacks

Northern Democrats Criticize Lincoln’s policies Divided “War Democrats” support war, but criticize emancipation & draft “Peace Democrats” immediate end to war

NYC Draft Riot July 1863 introduced followed by 4 days of rioting Mob of Irish immigrants assaulted symbols of the new order –Draft offices –Mansions of wealthy Republicans –Industrial establishments –Black population Union troops from Gettysburg brought in 100 people died