Unit 2 Grammar and usage(1)

1. Where does a person come from? This will affect their style of speech. = Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech. wh-question subject

2. Why does English have such strange rules? You can begin to see it! =You can begin to see why English has such strange rules! wh-question object

3.Why is English a langue with so many confusing rules? This is the reason =This is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. wh-question predicative

Attention: 1.We change the word order in a clause after a question word into that of a statement. 2. We cannot leave out the question words in noun clauses in any cases.

1 、引导词 what 与 that 的用法区别。 引导主、宾、表语从句时， what 要充当 主语、宾语或表语等句子成分， that 不 作任何成分，只在语法上起连接的作 用。例如（ NMET’96 ）： ____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have. A. What; what B. what; that C. That; that D. That; what That the former Iraq president Saddam was captured has been proved.

2 、引导词 whether 和 if 的用法区别。 通常，引导主语从句、表语从句和引导同 位语从句时，要用连词 whether ，不用 if ； 习惯上也只能说 whether or not ，而不说 if …or not 。例如（ MET92 ）： ____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That

名词性从句的语序。 与别的从句一样，名词性从句必须用自然语 序，即使在疑问句中，从句也不倒装（而在 主句上倒装）。例如（ MET91 ） : No one can be sure ____ in a million years. A. what man will look like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like

4 、 Who / whoever, what / whatever 等的用法区别。 一般说来， what/who 等含特指意义，而 whatever/whoever 等含泛指意义，意为 “ 无论什么 / 无论谁 ” 。例如（ NMET97 ）： It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

Where, when, why 等连接副词引导的 名词性从句。 Where, when, why 等连接 副词也可以引导名词性从句，使用的关 键是：这个词必须符合句子的逻辑要求。 例如（ NMET’99 ）： — I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. — Is that ____ you had a few days off? A. why B. when C. that D. where

IV.Exercises: A on Page 28 B on Page 28

Answers: A.1. O 2. S 3. P 4. O 5. O 6. P B.1. why 2. what 3.which 4.how/why 5. How 6.who 7. How 8. Which

V.Choose the best answer 1.---Do you remember ______ he came? ---Yes,I do. He came by car. a.how b. when c. that d. if 2. _____ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. a.If b. Whether c. That d. Where a b

3. Word has came __________ some American guests will come for a visit. A. what B. that C. whetherD. when 4.______ knows the truth will tell you about it. Who thatB. Whoever C. Whom thatD. That who

3. Ask her _____ come with us. a. If she will b. if will she c. whether she d. whether will she 4. _____ we can’t understand is_____ he didn’t join us in our discussion. a. That; why b. Which; how c. What; what d. What; why d a

VI. 主语从句 在复合句中作主句的主语. 引导词有连词 that (that 不可省 ),whether; 代词有 who, what,which; 副词 when,where, how, why 等. 如 : 1.That he is a famous singer is known to us. (It is known to us that he is a famous singer.) 2.When he will go to America is not yet fixed. (It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.) 3.Whether she’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much. (not if) (It doesn’t matter too much whether she’s coming or not.)

VII. 宾语从句 在复合句中作主句的宾语. 引导词有连词 that ( that 常可省略 ),whether,if; 代词有 who, whose,what,which; 副词 when,where, how, why 等. 如 : 1.We believe (that) he is honest. 2.I asked if (=whether) they had a cheap suit. 3. Can you tell which dictionary is hers? 4. I really don’t know what he is doing.

VIII. 表语从句 在复合句中作主句的表语. 引导词有连词 that (that 不可省 ),whether; 代词有 who, what,which; 副词 when,where, how, why 等. 如 : The problem is that we didn’t get in touch with him. This is how Henry solved the problem. His suggestion is that we (should) finish the work at once. 如果句子的主语是 suggestion,advice.order 等名词时, 后面引导的表语从句用 should+ 动词原形,should 可省略.

IX. 同位语从句 在句中起同位语的作用. 一般放在名词 fact, news, idea, promise, thought, suggestion 等之后, 用以说 明或解释前面的名词. 引导词有连词 that ; 少数情况下也 可用连接副词等. 如 : 1.The thought that we might success excited us. 2.The idea that they should try a second time is worth considering. 3.The suggestion that the plan (should) be delayed will be discussed tomorrow. 4.You have no idea how worried I was. 名词 suggestion,advice.order 等词后的同位语从句 的谓语动词要用 should+ 动词原形,should 可省略.

Written exercises for Noun clauses

X.Homework: C1 on page 94

Unit 2 Grammar and usage (2) ----Empty It Nanjing University Attached High School Zhu Yunhui

I.Revision 1.It’s a book.( 指代 ) 2.It’s eight o’clock.( 时间 ) 3.It’s cold outside.( 天气 ) 4.It’s a long way to the museum. ( 距离 )

II. Empty subject it 1.We can use it as an empty subject A.when we use a noun clause as the subject of a sentence. ( correct) That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain. b. ( correct) Whether English will continue changing in the future is easy to answer. c. ( correct) When we use certain words depends on the style of writing. a.( preferable) It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.= ( preferable) It is easy to answer whether English will continue changing in the future.= ( preferable) It depends on the style of writing when we use certain words.=

It 作形式主语的句型 : 1.It + be + adj. ( true, certain, possible, obvious, likely…) that… 2.It + be +noun phrase( no wonder, an honour, a pity,…) that… 3.It+be+pastparticiple ( said,reported,expected, announced…)that… 4.It + seems/appears that…. 5.It doesn’t matter that…

B. When the subject is a to-infinitive: a. ( correct) To master a foreign language is hard. b. ( correct) To know how to use a computer is important. ( preferable) It is hard to master a foreign language.= ( preferable) It is important to know how to use a computer.=

C. When the subject is a v-ing form a. ( correct) It is difficult to stop smoking. b. ( correct) It takes a lot of my time travelling to Beijing. We usually use the empty subject it with a clause or to-infinitive (preferable),but with the v-ing form we prefer the real subject at the beginning. Tip ( preferable) Smoking is difficult to stop.= ( preferable)Travelling to Beijing takes up a lot of my time.=

2. It can also be used before seem, appear, happen, chance, turn out and prove as the empty subject of a sentence.: a. He seems to speak two languages. b. My new neighbour happens to come from my home town. It seems that he speaks two languages.= It happens that my new neighbour comes from my home town.=

3. We can emphasize the subject, object, or adverbial in a sentence by using it +be+ the word/phrase you emphasize+ a clause introduced by that or who. a.It was last night(not any other time) that I read about the history of English. If we do not emphasize anything,the sentence can be: I read about the history of English last night.

强调句 : 1.It is Prof. Li who teaches us English. 强调主语 2.It is English that Prof.Li teaches us. 强调宾语 3.It was in Shanghai that I saw the film. 强调状语

III. Exercises: A on Page 31 B on page 31

Answers: A. 2. It depends upon what you see and hear to decide what they are. 3. It always puzzles me why my dog barks in certain ways. 4. It won’t be difficult buying a machine like this. B. 2. It is because there are several racial groups living in Singapore that Singapore has four official langueges. 3. It is for you that I’ve brought something special from Singapore. 4. It will be something next week that I’ll give it to you.

IV. 作形式宾语 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式 / 动名词 / 宾语从句时 : 1.I think it no use arguing with you. 2.I found it interesting to play football. 3. We thought it strange that he did not come.

V. Translation 1 。 乘宇宙飞船去月球是可能的。 2 。 我发现学好英语是很重要的。 3 。他似乎已经知道问题的答案。 4 。他的父母是死在二战中。 5 。我们在哪儿听报告还没定。 It is possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship. I find it very important to learn English well. It seems that he has known the answer to the problem. It was in the Second World War that his parents died. It hasn’t been decided where we’ll listen to the report.

VI.Homework: C2 on page 94