TENSE REVIEW

PRESENT FORMS

PRESENT SIMPLE Permanent (changeless) situations or states She works as a nurse. She owns a large shop. Repeated/habitual actions(especially with frequency adverbs) I usually get up at 7.30. Permanent truths or laws of nature Money doesn’t buy happiness. Water freezes at 0°C . Timetables/Programmes The match finishes at 7:45. Reviews/sports/commentaries/dramatic narrative Meryl Streep acts brilliantly in this film. PRESENT SIMPLE

Time expressions; Every day/week month/year Sometimes In the morning Usually In the evening Often In the afternoon Always At night Rarely On Mondays etc. Never Time expressions;

PRESENT CONTINUOUS Temporary (changeable) situations They’re staying at the Park Hotel at present. Actions happening at or around the moment of speaking She is looking for a better job. I’m reading Elif Şafak’s Forty Rules of Love. Repeated actions with “always” expressing annoyance or criticism She is always interrupting me Fixed arrangements in the near future The Browns are visiting us tonight. I’m flying to İstanbul this weekend. Changing or developing situations His English is getting better. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

time expressions Now Always At the moment Still At present Right now etc. Nowadays Today Tonight time expressions

Recently completed actions which has evidence in the present She has tidied her room. (She has finished tidying her room. You can see it is tidy now. EVIDENCE IN THE PRESENT) He has painted the room. (The paint is wet.) Actions which happened at unstated past time. He has lost his keys. (We don’t know when. ) He has sold his car. (When? We don’t know) For actions which started in the past and continue up to the present She has lived in this house for two years. (She still lives in this house.) For past actions whose time is not mentioned but it is connected with the present. I have seen Madonna. (I may meet her again; she’s still alive.-period of time not finished yet.) PRESENT PERFECT

Time expressions; Just Today Ever This week Never This month Already Yet(negatives / questions) Always Since(from a starting point in the past) How long For (over a period of time) So far Recently Time expressions;

Actions started in the past and continuing up to the present He has been writing a letter for two hours. (He stared two hours ago and still writing it.) Past actions of certain duration which has visible results or effects in the present She has been crying. (Her eyes are red.) Actions expressing anger, irritation, annoyance, explanation or criticism Who has been using my toothbrush? (annoyance) Emphasis on duration (usually with for, since or how long) She’s been calling on client since this morning. PRESENT PERF. CONT

How long Since for Time expressions;

NOTE live, feel, and work can be used either in the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Cont. with no difference in meaning. I’ve been living in Rome for a year. = I’ve lived in Rome for a year.

PAST FORMS

Complete action or event which happened at a stated past time Complete action or event which happened at a stated past time. (In present Perfect time is not stated.) She called an hour ago. (-When? -An hour ago.) Past actions which happened one after the other. She sealed the letter, put a stamp on it, and posted it. Past habit or state He used to go to school on foot. He went to school on foot. Action which happened at a definite past time although the time is not mentioned. This action is not connected with the present. (Remember the example about Madonna to compare it with Present Perfect) Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays. (Shakespeare is now dead; he won’t write again.-period of time now finished.) PAST SIMPLE

Time expressions; Yesterday When…… Last (week, year, week etc. ) In 1986 etc. … ago Then Just now Time expressions;

Action in the middle of happening at a stated past time He was playing tennis at 4:30 yesterday Past action in progress interrupted by another past action. While I was getting dressed, the bell rang. Two or more past actions happening at the same time While I was sunbathing, Tim was swimming. Description to events in a story She was flying to Paris… The sun was shining… PAST CONTINUOUS

While…. When… As… etc. Time expressions;

FUTURE FORMS