Muslim population in western Europe 2% -4% 4% -8% 8% - 10% Muslim population in western Europe 0%-2%

Muslim population in Europe Immigration policies – The Muslim presence in W. Europe is mostly the result of relatively recent immigration. – Immigration began after – Push/ pull factors accelerated throughout the 1960s and 70s often following this pattern: 1.Open door policy to help with labour shortages 2.Immigrants begin to gain citizenship, but immigration laws become more restrictive. 3.Acceptance of family reunification migrants and refugees only. – Immigration in some countries influenced by colonial links – particularly United Kingdom and France. – Some countries have had more liberal asylum policies than others.

Muslim population in Europe 1 million Muslims are citizens, the rest are residents. Gastarbeiter program for guest workers in 1960’s and 70’s About 90% of Muslims come from Turkey

Muslim population in Europe France map and statistics Majority of Muslim population comes from former colonies in North Africa Bitter anti-colonial struggles

Muslim population in Europe Very diverse Muslim population

Muslim population in Europe Muslim immigration mostly relatively recent. Many immigrants from North Africa recently granted citizenship in order to help with labour shortages.

Muslim population in Europe

Muslim presence in western Europe The Spread of Mosques in UK In 1963 there were only 13 mosques. The rate of mosque building increased rapidly in the 1970’s. Currently there are more than 1700 mosques.

Islam in Britain by type of Islamic sect – Sunni: Barelwi Deobandi Ahl e-Hadith Muslim Brotherhood (mostly Arab) – Shi‘a – Sufi – Ahmadiyya Muslim presence in western Europe

Part 1: Case Study: Bradford Case Study: Bradford 1990

Part 1: Case Study: Bradford Case Study: Bradford 2006 MosquesMosques

Part 1: Case Study: Bradford Case Study: Bradford 2006 Mosques: Barelwi Barelwi Deobandi Deobandi Ahl e-Hadith Ahl e-Hadith Shi’a Shi’aMosques: Barelwi Barelwi Deobandi Deobandi Ahl e-Hadith Ahl e-Hadith Shi’a Shi’a

Types of Islam in Britain Where are we now? Violent Ahmadiyya

Acculturation and alternation – individuals consistently hold and engage in two separate cultures. Multiculturalism – groups encouraged to maintain and develop group cultural identity while tolerating other cultures. Assimilation and fusion – individuals join main culture Separation – self imposed withdrawal from the larger society 1. Government policy Approaches to Integration

1. Government policy Basic approaches – UK and Dutch multicultural model – Created an environment for radicalisation by enabling and even encouraging separatism. Put emphasis on religion rather than race and ethnicity as a key factor in policy making. Led to uncritical acceptance of Muslim organisations even if they had close links to Islamism and terrorism. – French secular model – Restricts religion to private role, and try to foster integration based around shared identity. However, model is influenced by political, legal and religious factors in France, and cannot be fully employed in many countries.

1. Government policy Immigration/integration policies characterised by confusion, constant change and reactions to dangers – United Kingdom has belatedly begun to place greater emphasis on integration and shared values – language proficiency, teaching “citizenship” at schools – Holland has made immigrants take courses on Dutch culture. Reactive policies in the face of rising radicalisation and separation of Muslim communities Asylum – European tradition of liberal asylum policy for political dissidents exploited by Islamists and radicals. – Liberal asylum policy naive, out of step with the modern globalised world

1. Government policy Muslim organisations – who represents Muslims? – Governments have created or supported organisations and bodies which represent Muslims, often taken over by Islamists. – Problem of diversity of Muslims represented in some countries – different ethnic, secular backgrounds. Who can speak for all of them? Governments have often worked closely with Islamist organisation – Progressives and liberal Muslim organisations remain marginalised and underrepresented. Governments have largely failed to support groups which are proposing progressive forms of Islam. They have also often ignored some of the conservative Muslims who propose apolitical forms of Islam – Islamist organisations have developed networks obscuring the links between seemingly moderate organisations and radical ones.

1. Government policy Foreign policy – Afghanistan – Iraq

2. Identity First wave of European Muslim immigrants often refugees less interested in religion, less radicalised. Influenced more by: – Desire to fit into new environment – Adherence to relatively apolitical traditional forms of Islam – Belief that they would only be temporary residents in foreign country – Popularity of alternative ideologies – socialism, communism, liberalism etc – Lack of development of global Islamist movement

2. Identity Impact of globalisation: – New media and the internet – Wider access to news and information – Greater opportunities to travel and communicate Muslims more closely connected to both the Islamic world in general and to countries of their birth or where their families came from Islamism offers meaning to Muslim migrants who feel rootless in an age of globalisation

8. Demography in the long term “We have 50 million Muslims in Europe. There are signs that Allah will grant Islam a victory in Europe – without guns, without conquests. The 50 million Muslims of Europe will turn it into a Muslim continent within a few decades.” Muammar al-Qaddafi Al-Jazeera 10 th April 2006 Mustafa Ceric Grand Mufti of Bosnia-Herzegovina, “The challenge of a single Muslim Authority in Europe”, European View, 12 January 2008 Size of Muslim population in Europe means in the long term a single Muslim authority must be established. State within a state?

1,298 million 401 million 587 million 163 million 350 million 451 million Demography in the long term