International Joint Ventures and Alliances Motivations – Complementarities vs. Size:Motivations – Complementarities vs. Size: –Market access –Risk / experience (lack of / superior) –Too small / resource pooling –Intense competition –Technology (lack of / superior) –Learning
Motivation: Size Acme Inc. U.S. Braunschweiger AG Germany
Motivation: Complementarities Acme Inc. U.S. Braunschweiger AG Germany
International Joint Ventures Cooperative activitiesCooperative activities: –R&D –Manufacturing –Marketing –Sourcing –Service –Everything?
International Joint Ventures Forms of agreementForms of agreement: –Equity vs. arms-length contract/agreement StructureStructure: –Ownership (50-50 … … 90-10) –Contribution ($, technology, plant, marketing) –Strategic and operations roles & responsibilities Active vs. Passive ( strategic option ) Value-chain scope
Cooperative Modes IndependentIndependent –Act as two separate companies; no constraints Coordinated / ComplementaryCoordinated / Complementary –Act as two separate companies with established operational, product, or geographic domains or constraints JointJoint –Act as single company
Independent R&D Acme Inc. U.S. Braunschweiger AG Germany
Independent R&D Coordinated Marketing Acme Inc. U.S. Braunschweiger AG Germany North America European Union
Independent R&D Coordinated Marketing Joint Manufacturing Acme Inc. U.S. Braunschweiger AG Germany North America European Union A-B Mfg. SA, Mexico
International Strategy: Managing Dual Pressures Pressures for Global Efficiency Pressures for Local Responsiveness High Low High Low
Multidomestic Strategy Germany Mexico Japan Entry? Acme Inc. U.S.
Multidomestic Strategy Germany Mexico Malaysia REMEMBER: IJV is also an entry mode Acme Inc. U.S.
IJV in Multidomestic Strategy Acme Inc. U.S. Braunschweiger AG Germany Cervesa SA Mexico Sashimi LTD Japan
IJV in Global Strategy Acme Inc. U.S. Braunschweiger AG Germany Cervesa SA Mexico Sashimi LTD Japan
IJV in Transnational Strategy Acme Inc. U.S. Braunschweiger AG Germany Cervesa SA Mexico Sashimi LTD Japan
Learning and IJVs: 1984: The NUMMI Alliance GMToyota NUMMI
1986: Application of Knowledge I GMToyota NUMMI TMM-K Toyota learned how to: Tap into US preference Work in US environment
1990: Application of Knowledge II GMToyota NUMMI Saturn GM learned: Lean manufacturing Quality
1999: The Fuel Cell Alliance GMToyota Alliance
Learning Race(s) GM Toyota Ford Daimler-Chrysler Race to Technology #1 Race to Technology #2